{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:58:30Z","timestamp":1778738310521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01321101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01321101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2015M3A9B6066968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015M3A9B6066968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pycnogenol\u00ae (an extract of the bark of French maritime pine tree) is used for dietary supplement and known to have excellent antioxidative efficacy. However, there are few reports on neuroprotective effect of Pycnogenol\u00ae supplementation and its mechanisms against ischemic injury following transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) in gerbils. Now, we examined neuroprotective effect and its mechanisms of Pycnogenol\u00ae in the gerbils with 5-min TFI, which evokes a significant death (loss) of pyramidal cells located in the cornu ammonis (CA1) region of gerbil hippocampus from 4\u20135 days post-TFI. Gerbils were pretreated with 30, 40, and 50 mg\/kg of Pycnogenol\u00ae once a day for 7 days before TFI surgery. Treatment with 50 mg\/kg, not 30 or 40 mg\/kg, of Pycnogenol\u00ae potently protected learning and memory, as well as CA1 pyramidal cells, from ischemic injury. Treatment with 50 mg\/kg Pycnogenol\u00ae significantly enhanced immunoreactivity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases and catalase) in the pyramidal cells before and after TFI induction. Furthermore, the treatment significantly reduced the generation of superoxide anion, ribonucleic acid oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the pyramidal cells. Moreover, interestingly, its neuroprotective effect was abolished by administration of sodium azide (a potent inhibitor of SODs and catalase activities). Taken together, current results clearly indicate that Pycnogenol\u00ae supplementation can prevent neurons from ischemic stroke through its potent antioxidative role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T21:58:53Z","timestamp":1597701533000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pycnogenol\u00ae Supplementation Attenuates Memory Deficits and Protects Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons via Antioxidative Role in a Gerbil Model of Transient Forebrain Ischemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bora","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae-Kyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheol Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Go Eun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Dai","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myoung Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Hwi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungwoo","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Myeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12334","article-title":"New gabaergic neurogenesis in the hippocampal CA1 region of a gerbil model of long-term survival after transient cerebral ischemic injury","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.10.041","article-title":"Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, attenuates behavioral deficits following transient forebrain ischemia by inhibiting oxidative damage in gerbils","volume":"506","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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