{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:22:22Z","timestamp":1780917742551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perturbations of the colonic microbiota can contribute to the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer, leading to an increase in pathogenic bacteria at the expense of protective bacteria. This can contribute to disease through increasing carcinogenic metabolite\/toxin production, inducing inflammation, and activating oncogenic signaling. To limit disease progression, external factors that may influence the colonic microbiota need to be considered in patients with colorectal cancer. One major factor that can influence the colonic microbiota is iron. Iron is an essential micronutrient that is required by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes for cellular function. Most pathogenic bacteria have heightened iron acquisition mechanisms and therefore tend to outcompete protective bacteria for free iron. Colorectal cancer patients often present with anemia due to iron deficiency, and thus they require iron therapy. Depending upon the route of administration, iron therapy has the potential to contribute to a procarciongenic microbiota. Orally administered iron is the common treatment for anemia in these patients but can lead to an increased gut iron concentration. This suggests the need to reassess the route of iron therapy in these patients. Currently, this has only been assessed in murine studies, with human trials being necessary to unravel the potential microbial outcomes of iron therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1597916131000},"page":"2512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Influence of Iron on the Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Phipps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5119-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafid O.","family":"Al-Hassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed N.","family":"Quraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Gastroenterology Unit, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK"},{"name":"Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Gastroenterology Unit, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.21037\/jlpm.2018.09.05","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer: The Key Target of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology","volume":"3","author":"Kosumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lab. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.058","article-title":"Inflammation and Colon Cancer","volume":"138","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2019.188334","article-title":"Mechanism of Colorectal Carcinogenesis Triggered by Heme Iron from Red Meat","volume":"1873","author":"Seiwert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00026.x","article-title":"Iron Uptake Mechanisms of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Wooldridge","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalhal, A., Williams, J.M., Johnson, S., Ellaby, N., Duckworth, C.A., Burkitt, M.D., Liu, X., Hold, G.L., Campbell, B.J., and Pritchard, D.M. (2018). Oral Iron Exacerbates Colitis and Influences the Intestinal Microbiome. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/385997"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of Preoperative Iron Deficiency in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Prevalence and Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis. Clin. Mol. Gastroenterol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, B., and Li, H. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaar, E.P. (2010). The Battle for Iron between Bacterial Pathogens and their Vertebrate Hosts. PLoS Pathog.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000949"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortman, G.A.M., Boleij, A., Swinkels, D.W., and Tjalsma, H. (2012). Iron Availability Increases the Pathogenic Potential of Salmonella Typhimurium and Other Enteric Pathogens at the Intestinal Epithelial Interface. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029968"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307720","article-title":"Iron Fortification Adversely Affects the Gut Microbiome, Increases Pathogen Abundance and Induces Intestinal Inflammation in Kenyan Infants","volume":"64","author":"Jaeggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2095","article-title":"Administration of Ferrous Sulfate Drops has Significant Effects on the Gut Microbiota of Iron-Sufficient Infants: A Randomised Controlled Study","volume":"68","author":"Lagerqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06118-4","article-title":"Healthy Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Composition and Function after a Decade of Exploration","volume":"65","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: Role in Pathogen Colonization, Immune Responses and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"279","author":"Pickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2608","article-title":"Control of Pathogens and Pathobionts by the Gut Microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15217","article-title":"The Mutual Interplay of Gut Microbiota, Diet and Human Disease","volume":"287","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1549421","article-title":"Integrating Tumor Genomics into Studies of the Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Burns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, M.B., Montassier, E., Abrahante, J., Priya, S., Niccum, D.E., Khoruts, A., Starr, T.K., Knights, D., and Blekhman, R. (2018). Colorectal Cancer Mutational Profiles Correlate with Defined Microbial Communities in the Tumor Microenvironment. PLoS Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007376"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-0257-2","article-title":"The Role of the Microbiome in Cancer Initiation and Progression: How Microbes and Cancer Cells Utilize Excess Energy and Promote One another\u2019s Growth","volume":"8","author":"Whisner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"263","article-title":"Bacterial Infection as a Cause of Cancer. Environ","volume":"103","author":"Parsonnet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-10","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori and Gastric Cancer: Factors that Modulate Disease Risk","volume":"23","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2007.00529.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter Pylori Infection","volume":"12","author":"Maeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v8.i2.147","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter Pylori in Gastric Cancer: Updates","volume":"8","author":"Khatoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-05","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter Pylori Infection","volume":"19","author":"Kusters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"325","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter Pylori Infection with Colon Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps","volume":"13","author":"Teimoorian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, B., and Meyer, T.F. (2011). The Human Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter Pylori and its Association with Gastric Cancer and Ulcer Disease. Ulcers.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/340157"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70159-3","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori and Gastric Cancer: Koch\u2019s Postulates Fulfilled?","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000252","article-title":"Diet, Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"48","author":"Akin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095513","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2019.05.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer: A Plausible Explanation for Dietary Contributions to Cancer","volume":"229","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2016.03.004","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2819","article-title":"A Bacterial Driver-Passenger Model for Colorectal Cancer: Beyond the Usual Suspects","volume":"10","author":"Tjalsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uronis, J.M., M\u00fchlbauer, M., Herfarth, H.H., Rubinas, T.C., Jones, G.S., and Jobin, C. (2009). Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota Alters Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006026"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072333","article-title":"Intestinal Iron Homeostasis and Colon Tumorigenesis","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campisciano, G., de Manzini, N., Delbue, S., Cason, C., Cosola, D., Basile, G., Ferrante, P., Comar, M., and Palmisano, S. (2020). The Obesity-Related Gut Bacterial and Viral Dysbiosis can Impact the Risk of Colon Cancer Development. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030431"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.16.3.338","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota, Chronic Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.109","article-title":"Structural Segregation of Gut Microbiota between Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000494052","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota in the Development and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weir, T.L., Manter, D.K., Sheflin, A.M., Barnett, B.A., Heuberger, A.L., and Ryan, E.P. (2013). Stool Microbiome and Metabolome Differences between Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Adults. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070803"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3384","article-title":"Inflammatory Networks Underlying Colorectal Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Lasry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2174\/156800911795538066","article-title":"Cytokines, Inflammation and Colon Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Klampfer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug. Targets"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R500013-JLR200","article-title":"Bile Salt Biotransformations by Human Intestinal Bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Ridlon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.09.001","article-title":"Bile Acid-Activated Receptors, Intestinal Microbiota, and the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0473206","article-title":"Conjugated Bile Acid Hydrolase is a Tetrameric N-Terminal Thiol Hydrolase with Specific Recognition of its Cholyl but Not of its Tauryl Product","volume":"44","author":"Rossocha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3010014","article-title":"Metabolism of Cholesterol and Bile Acids by the Gut Microbiota","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13580","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804437105","article-title":"Functional and Comparative Metagenomic Analysis of Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity in the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"105","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32563","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota at the Intersection of Bile Acids and Intestinal Carcinogenesis: An Old Story, Yet Mesmerizing","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Umar, S., Rust, B., Lazarova, D., and Bordonaro, M. (2019). Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051214"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.577","article-title":"Role of Bile Acids in Colon Carcinogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2004.08.001","article-title":"Bile Acids as Carcinogens in Human Gastrointestinal Cancers","volume":"589","author":"Bernstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026644418142","article-title":"Bile Acid Concentrations, Cytotoxicity, and pH of Fecal Water from Patients with Colorectal Adenomas","volume":"44","author":"Glinghammar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7342","article-title":"Fat, Fibre and Cancer Risk in African Americans and Rural Africans","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molinero, N., Ruiz, L., S\u00e1nchez, B., Margolles, A., and Delgado, S. (2019). Intestinal Bacteria Interplay with Bile and Cholesterol Metabolism: Implications on Host Physiology. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00185"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(95)00216-6","article-title":"Role of Bile Acids in Colorectal Carcinogenesis","volume":"31A","author":"Nagengast","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2018.04.07","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Bacterial Pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Dahmus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-05-0126","article-title":"Evidence that Hydrogen Sulfide is a Genotoxic Agent","volume":"4","author":"Wagner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.66","article-title":"Probiotics Clostridium Butyricum and Bacillus Subtilis Ameliorate Intestinal Tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v10.i3.71","article-title":"Fusobacterium Nucleatum and Colorectal Cancer: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.012","article-title":"Fusobacterium Nucleatum Promotes Colorectal Carcinogenesis by Modulating E-Cadherin\/\u0392-Catenin Signaling Via its FadA Adhesin","volume":"14","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03649-1","article-title":"Fusobacterium Nucleatum Tumor DNA Levels are Associated with Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients","volume":"38","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17221","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017221","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of the Fusobacterium Nucleatum Status in Colorectal Cancers","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001261107","article-title":"Escherichia Coli Induces DNA Damage in Vivo and Triggers Genomic Instability in Mammalian Cells","volume":"107","author":"Petit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinsky, V., Dotan, I., and Gophna, U. (2020). Carriage of Colibactin-Producing Bacteria and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Trends Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.015"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fa\u00efs, T., Delmas, J., Barnich, N., Bonnet, R., and Dalmasso, G. (2018). Colibactin: More than a New Bacterial Toxin. Toxins (Basel), 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040151"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224820","article-title":"Intestinal Inflammation Targets Cancer-Inducing Activity of the Microbiota","volume":"338","author":"Arthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu787","article-title":"The Bacteroides Fragilis Toxin Gene is Prevalent in the Colon Mucosa of Colorectal Cancer Patients","volume":"60","author":"Boleij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghi, F., Goli, E., Mirzaei, B., and Zeighami, H. (2019). The Association between Fecal Enterotoxigenic B. Fragilis with Colorectal Cancer. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6115-1"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purcell, R.V., Pearson, J., Aitchison, A., Dixon, L., Frizelle, F.A., and Keenan, J.I. (2017). Colonization with Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides Fragilis is Associated with Early-Stage Colorectal Neoplasia. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171602"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46158","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10064","article-title":"Could Gut Microbiota Serve as Prognostic Biomarker Associated with Colorectal Cancer Patients\u2019 Survival? A Pilot Study on Relevant Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2019.18451","article-title":"Anti-Colon Cancer Activity of Bifidobacterium Metabolites on Colon Cancer Cell Line SW742","volume":"30","author":"Bahmani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21262","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Lactis Inhibits NF-kappaB in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Prevents Acute Colitis and Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer in Mice","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.4.833","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Longum, a Lactic Acid-Producing Intestinal Bacterium Inhibits Colon Cancer and Modulates the Intermediate Biomarkers of Colon Carcinogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990474l","article-title":"Binding of Ferric Iron to the Cell Walls and Membranes of Bifidobacterium Thermophilum:\u2009 Effect of Free Radicals","volume":"47","author":"Kot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova, M.R., Azevedo-Silva, J., Rodrigues, L.R., and Preto, A. (2018). Colorectal Cancer Cells Increase the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids by Propionibacterium Freudenreichii Impacting on Cancer Cells Survival. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00044"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50047","article-title":"Bacteroides Fragilis Enterotoxin Induces C-Myc Expression and Cellular Proliferation","volume":"124","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2015","article-title":"A Human Colonic Commensal Promotes Colon Tumorigenesis Via Activation of T Helper Type 17 T Cell Responses","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7528","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Development Along the Colorectal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000399","article-title":"Novel Insights into Microbiome in Colitis and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"101","article-title":"Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer; a Review Article","volume":"11","author":"Alebouyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1483","article-title":"Bioproduction of Conjugated Linoleic Acid by Probiotic Bacteria Occurs in Vitro and in Vivo in Mice","volume":"136","author":"Ewaschuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-30-11","article-title":"The Association of Streptococcus Bovis\/Gallolyticus with Colorectal Tumors: The Nature and the Underlying Mechanisms of its Etiological Role","volume":"30","author":"Abdulamir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.08.002","article-title":"Phages Enter the Fight against Colorectal Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kannen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200211314090006","article-title":"Butyrate and Colorectal Cancer: The Role of Butyrate Transport","volume":"14","author":"Martel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5810","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.5810-5817.2004","article-title":"Lactate-Utilizing Bacteria, Isolated from Human Feces, that Produce Butyrate as a Major Fermentation Product. Appl","volume":"70","author":"Duncan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.009","article-title":"Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius Induces Intracellular Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Colon Cells to Induce Proliferation and Causes Dysplasia in Mice","volume":"152","author":"Tsoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05490.x","article-title":"Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of Specific Butyrate-Producing Bacteria, Desulfovibrio and Enterococcus Faecalis in the Feces of Patients with Colorectal Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","article-title":"Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii is an Anti-Inflammatory Commensal Bacterium Identified by Gut Microbiota Analysis of Crohn Disease Patients","volume":"105","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)31445-2","article-title":"Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Prevents Tumorigenesis in a Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer","volume":"152","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.010","article-title":"Binding of the Fap2 Protein of Fusobacterium Nucleatum to Human Inhibitory Receptor TIGIT Protects Tumors from Immune Cell Attack","volume":"42","author":"Gur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.004","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Tilg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.969989","article-title":"The Bacterial Genotoxin Colibactin Promotes Colon Tumor Growth by Modifying the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"5","author":"Dalmasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2080-8","article-title":"Mutational Signature in Colorectal Cancer Caused by Genotoxic Pks + E. Coli","volume":"580","author":"Puschhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55104","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19052","article-title":"Presence of Salmonella AvrA in Colorectal Tumor and its Precursor Lesions in Mouse Intestine and Human Specimens","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G784","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00526.2009","article-title":"Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Increases p53 Acetylation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"298","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0963-x","article-title":"Microbial Mucosal Colonic Shifts Associated with the Development of Colorectal Cancer Reveal the Presence of Different Bacterial and Archaeal Biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Ocon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-016-0508-4","article-title":"Iron, Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"166","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202753416902","article-title":"Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Uptake and Distribution of the Food Mutagen Trp-P-2 in Mice","volume":"37","author":"Orrhage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.25324","article-title":"Effects of the Intestinal Microbial Metabolite Butyrate on the Development of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivi\u00e8re, A., Selak, M., Lantin, D., Leroy, F., and De Vuyst, L. (2016). Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for their Stimulation in the Human Gut. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach Knudsen, K.E., L\u00e6rke, H.N., Hedemann, M.S., Nielsen, T.S., Ingerslev, A.K., Gundelund Nielsen, D.S., Theil, P.K., Purup, S., Hald, S., and Schioldan, A.G. (2018). Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101499"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27280","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25546","article-title":"Butyrate Decreases its Own Oxidation in Colorectal Cancer Cells through Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcc.2018.05.001","article-title":"Inflammation-Modulating Effect of Butyrate in the Prevention of Colon Cancer by Dietary Fiber","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Colorectal Cancer"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2019.05.001","article-title":"Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer: Roles in Carcinogenesis and Clinical Potential","volume":"69","author":"Saus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0501","article-title":"A Gnotobiotic Mouse Model Demonstrates that Dietary Fiber Protects Against Colorectal Tumorigenesis in a Microbiota- and Butyrate-Dependent Manner","volume":"4","author":"Donohoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0451-2","article-title":"Multi-Cohort Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Metagenome Identified Altered Bacteria Across Populations and Universal Bacterial Markers","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.067","article-title":"Influence of Early Life, Diet, and the Environment on the Microbiome","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.012","article-title":"Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1971-7","article-title":"Smoking and Microbiome in Oral, Airway, Gut and some Systemic Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.071","article-title":"Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Analysis in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity Predicts Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"600","article-title":"Iron Availability and Infection. Biochim. Biophys","volume":"1790","author":"Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109021","article-title":"Iron and Hepcidin Mediate Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth","volume":"319","author":"Sornjai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6031080","article-title":"Heme, an Essential Nutrient from Dietary Proteins, Critically Impacts Diverse Physiological and Pathological Processes","volume":"6","author":"Hooda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amagloh, F.K., Atuna, R.A., McBride, R., Carey, E.E., and Christides, T. (2017). Nutrient and Total Polyphenol Contents of Dark Green Leafy Vegetables, and Estimation of their Iron Bioaccessibility using the in Vitro Digestion\/Caco-2 Cell Model. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6070054"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.01.010","article-title":"A Decrease in Iron Availability to Human Gut Microbiome Reduces the Growth of Potentially Pathogenic Gut Bacteria; an in Vitro Colonic Fermentation Study","volume":"67","author":"Parmanand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The Effects of Iron Fortification on the Gut Microbiota in African Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Cote D\u2019Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, E.R., and Krykunivsky, A.S. (2017). Anaerobic Utilization of Fe(III)-xenosiderophores among Bacteroides Species and the Distinct Assimilation of Fe(III)-ferrichrome by Bacteroides Fragilis within the Genus. Microbiologyopen, 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.479"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, H., and Saier, M.H. (2018). Comparative Genomics of Transport Proteins in Seven Bacteroides Species. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208151"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8141","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9141","article-title":"Sialic Acid Catabolism Drives Intestinal Inflammation and Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivarelli, S., Salemi, R., Candido, S., Falzone, L., Santagati, M., Stefani, S., Torino, F., Banna, G.L., Tonini, G., and Libra, M. (2019). Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Cancers (Basel), 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11010038"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309940","article-title":"Oral Versus Intravenous Iron Replacement Therapy Distinctly Alters the Gut Microbiota and Metabolome in Patients with IBD","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"52","article-title":"Determination of Virulence Determinants of Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Patients with Colorectal Cancer Compared to the Healthy Subjects","volume":"12","author":"Zarei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0123-4","article-title":"Metaproteomics Characterizes Human Gut Microbiome Function in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1599794","article-title":"Dietary Iron Variably Modulates Assembly of the Intestinal Microbiota in Colitis-Resistant and Colitis-Susceptible Mice","volume":"11","author":"Ellermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.12.011","article-title":"Iron Therapy as Treatment of Anemia: A Potentially Detrimental and Hazardous Strategy in Colorectal Cancer Patients","volume":"110","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9861","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Association between Preoperative Anaemia and Mortality After Surgery","volume":"102","author":"Fowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.09.013","article-title":"Does Preoperative Anemia Adversely Affect Colon and Rectal Surgery Outcomes?","volume":"212","author":"Leichtle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borstlap, W.A.A., Buskens, C.J., Tytgat, K.M.A.J., Tuynman, J.B., Consten, E.C.J., Tolboom, R.C., Heuff, G., van Geloven, N., van Wagensveld, B.A., and Wientjes, C.A.C.A. (2015). Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ferric(III)Carboxymaltose Infusion with Oral Iron Supplementation in the Treatment of Preoperative Anaemia in Colorectal Cancer Patients. BMC Surg., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-015-0090-5"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-015-2461-x","article-title":"Ferric Carboxymaltose Reduces Transfusions and Hospital Stay in Patients with Colon Cancer and Anemia","volume":"31","author":"Calleja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constante, M., Fragoso, G., Calv\u00e9, A., Samba-Mondonga, M., and Santos, M.M. (2017). Dietary Heme Induces Gut Dysbiosis, Aggravates Colitis, and Potentiates the Development of Adenomas in Mice. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01809"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13053-019-0118-4","article-title":"Colorectal Carcinoma in the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Hnatyszyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"239","article-title":"Management of Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Challenge in Everyday Clinical Practice","volume":"12","author":"Moniuszko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01226","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Novel Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Strains Isolated from Healthy Volunteers: A Step Forward in the use of F. Prausnitzii as a Next-Generation Probiotic","volume":"8","author":"Miquel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy182","article-title":"Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Produces Butyrate to Maintain Th17\/Treg Balance and to Ameliorate Colorectal Colitis by Inhibiting Histone Deacetylase 1","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.4","article-title":"Ruminococcus Bromii is a Keystone Species for the Degradation of Resistant Starch in the Human Colon","volume":"6","author":"Ze","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108360","article-title":"Altered Nutrient Status Reprograms Host Inflammation and Metabolic Health Via Gut Microbiota","volume":"80","author":"Golonka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2010.109","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Intestinal Cancer: A Paradigm of the Yin-Yang Interplay between Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Danese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012818","article-title":"Insights into Pathogenic Interactions among Environment, Host, and Tumor at the Crossroads of Molecular Pathology and Epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Ogino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5236","article-title":"Integration of Microbiology, Molecular Pathology, and Epidemiology: A New Paradigm to Explore the Pathogenesis of Microbiome-Driven Neoplasms","volume":"247","author":"Hamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.6374","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Subtypes Classified by Fusobacterium Nucleatum in Tumor Tissue","volume":"3","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1622","article-title":"Diets that Promote Colon Inflammation Associate with Risk of Colorectal Carcinomas that Contain Fusobacterium Nucleatum. Clin","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, P., and Liu, Y. (2019). A Reasonable Diet Promotes Balance of Intestinal Microbiota: Prevention of Precolorectal Cancer. BioMed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3405278"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600992","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600992","article-title":"Consumption of a Diet Rich in Brassica Vegetables is Associated with a Reduced Abundance of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria: A Randomised Crossover Study","volume":"61","author":"Kellingray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28473","article-title":"Importance of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"234","author":"Eslami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaharuddin, L., Mokhtar, N., Muhammad Nawawi, K.N., and Raja Ali, R.A. (2019). A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Probiotics in Post-Surgical Colorectal Cancer. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1047-4"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:03:40Z","timestamp":1760177020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12092512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]}}}