{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:22:02Z","timestamp":1791922922899,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a multifactorial syndrome of unknown etiology, characterized by widespread chronic pain and various somatic and psychological manifestations. The management of FM requires a multidisciplinary approach combining both pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies. Among nonpharmacological strategies, growing evidence suggests a potential beneficial role for nutrition. This review summarizes the possible relationship between FM and nutrition, exploring the available evidence on the effect of dietary supplements and dietary interventions in these patients. Analysis of the literature has shown that the role of dietary supplements remains controversial, although clinical trials with vitamin D, magnesium, iron and probiotics\u2019 supplementation show promising results. With regard to dietary interventions, the administration of olive oil, the replacement diet with ancient grains, low-calorie diets, the low FODMAPs diet, the gluten-free diet, the monosodium glutamate and aspartame-free diet, vegetarian diets as well as the Mediterranean diet all appear to be effective in reducing the FM symptoms. These results may suggest that weight loss, together with the psychosomatic component of the disease, should be taken into account. Therefore, although dietary aspects appear to be a promising complementary approach to the treatment of FM, further research is needed to provide the most effective strategies for the management of FM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1597916131000},"page":"2525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giuditta","family":"Pagliai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9230-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Giangrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Colombini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.03.014","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and related conditions","volume":"90","author":"Clauw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Key mechanisms mediating fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Gracely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littlejohn, G., and Guymer, E. (2020). Key milestones contributing to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibromyalgia. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070223"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: A clinical review","volume":"311","author":"Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38905","article-title":"The prevalence of fibromyalgia in the general population: A comparison of the american college of rheumatology 1990, 2010, and modified 2010 classification criteria","volume":"65","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8509-4","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: A critical and comprehensive review","volume":"49","author":"Borchers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain","volume":"338","author":"Sluka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0079-y","article-title":"Antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in fibromyalgia etiologic and therapeutic concerns","volume":"26","author":"Ozgocmen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"215","article-title":"Altered inflammatory mediators in fibromyalgia","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0349","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Genetics of fibromyalgia","volume":"2","author":"Ablin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21798","article-title":"Importance of genetic influences on chronic widespread pain","volume":"54","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.02.016","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants in fibromyalgia suggest a role for the central nervous system","volume":"155","author":"Docampo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.08.017","article-title":"Traumatic experiences, major life stressors, and selfreporting a physician-given fibromyalgia diagnosis","volume":"177","author":"Haviland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"140832","article-title":"Early life adversity as a risk factor for fibromyalgia in later life","volume":"2012","author":"Low","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Genetics and epigenetics insights may provide the basis for the development of diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Gerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724","article-title":"EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia","volume":"76","author":"MacFarlanw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0688-2","article-title":"Evidence-based non-pharmacological therapies for fibromyalgia","volume":"22","author":"Aman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"117","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and nutrition: What news?","volume":"33","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2016-0019","article-title":"The role of diet in the treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"6","author":"Holton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.056","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and nutrition: Therapeutic possibilities?","volume":"103","author":"Dadar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2010-z","article-title":"Dietary aspects in fibromyalgia patients: Results of a survey on food awareness, allergies, and nutritional supplementation","volume":"32","author":"Arranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joustra, M.L., Minovic, I., Janssens, K.A.M., Bakker, S.J.L., and Rosmalen, J.G.M. (2017). Vitamin and mineral status in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176631"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31816356a9","article-title":"Diffuse musculoskeletal pain is not associated with low vitamin D levels or improved by treatment with vitamin D","volume":"14","author":"Warner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.3.203","article-title":"Correlation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Arvold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01304.x","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in women with fibromyalgia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Abokrysha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.10.002","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"155","author":"Wepner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12960","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D replacement therapy on patients with chronic nonspecific widespread musculoskeletal pain with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2017.16283","article-title":"Effects of vitamin d therapy on quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"49","author":"Dogru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasian. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"379","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation seems to improve fibromyalgia symptoms: Preliminary results","volume":"20","author":"Aires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.14196\/mjiri.32.29","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D optimization on quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2010.486064","article-title":"Vitamins C and E treatment combined with exercise modulates oxidative stress markers in blood of patients with fibromyalgia: A controlled clinical pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Naziroglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"953","article-title":"Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with super malic: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Russell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2334-8","article-title":"Is magnesium citrate treatment effective on pain, clinical parameters and functional status in patients with fibromyalgia?","volume":"33","author":"Bagis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-017-0088-9","article-title":"A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of ferric carboxymaltose in iron-deficient patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"5","author":"Boomershine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29388-5","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial to explore cognitive and emotional effects of probiotics in fibromyalgia","volume":"8","author":"Roman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg356","article-title":"Bone health in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"42","author":"Mole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0348-5","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia","volume":"26","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2361-0","article-title":"Serum vitamin D level and bone mineral density in premenopausal egyptian women with fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Olama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.002","article-title":"Vitamin E and neurodegeneration","volume":"84","author":"Ulatowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(15)60195-9","article-title":"Effects of transdermal magnesium chloride on quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia: A feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Engen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"34","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium and phosphorous levels in serum of iraqi women with fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"Kasim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-019-0095-3","article-title":"Relation between magnesium and calcium and parameters of pain, quality of life and depression in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"59","author":"Andretta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0376","article-title":"Alternative medical interventions used in the treatment and management of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia","volume":"16","author":"Porter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-0871-7","article-title":"An increased prevalence of fibromyalgia in iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor and associated factors","volume":"27","author":"Pamuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.149","article-title":"Association between serum ferritin level and fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Ortancil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.10.1253","article-title":"Women with fibromyalgia have lower levels of calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese in hair mineral analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"99","article-title":"Gut microbiome: Pertinence in fibromyalgia","volume":"38","author":"Minerbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.02.025","article-title":"Altered amino acid homeostasis in subjects affected by fibromyalgia","volume":"42","author":"Bazzichi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_30","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of an altered tryptophan metabolism in fibromyalgia","volume":"527","author":"Schwarz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800416659370","article-title":"Extra virgin olive oil improves oxidative stress, functional capacity, and health-related psychological status in patients with fibromyalgia: A preliminary study","volume":"19","author":"Rus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rus, A., Molina, F., Mart\u00ednez-Ram\u00edrez, M.J., Aguilar-Ferr\u00e1ndiz, M.E., Carmona, R., and Del Moral, M.L. (2020). Effects of olive oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with fibromyalgia. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040918"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagliai, G., Colombini, B., Dinu, M., Whittaker, A., Masoni, A., Danza, G., Amedei, A., Ballerini, G., Benedettelli, S., and Sofi, F. (2020). Effectiveness of a Khorasan wheat-based replacement on pain symptoms and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain Med.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa134"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"10","article-title":"The effect of dietary glutamate on fibromyalgia and irritable bowel symptoms","volume":"30","author":"Holton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2801-5","article-title":"Monosodium glutamate and aspartame in perceived pain in fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"Vellisca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, L., Blanco, I., Bobes, J., and de Serres, F.J. (2013). Clinical impact of a gluten-free diet on health-related quality of life in seven fibromyalgia syndrome patients with associated celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-157"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"421","article-title":"Effect of one year of a gluten-free diet on the clinical evolution of irritable bowel syndrome plus fibromyalgia in patients with associated lymphocytic enteritis: A case-control study","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-2990-6","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: A description with remission of fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"Isasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000651","article-title":"The effects of a gluten-free diet versus a hypocaloric diet among patients with fibromyalgia experiencing gluten sensitivity-like symptoms: A pilot, open-label randomized clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"Slim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.07.004","article-title":"A low fermentable oligo-di-mono saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet reduced pain and improved daily life in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"13","author":"Marum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.703","article-title":"A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP)diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits","volume":"34","author":"Marum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.06.081","article-title":"A pilot study of the effects of behavioral weight loss treatment on fibromyalgia symptoms","volume":"59","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-2053-x","article-title":"Effect of weight reduction on the quality of life in obese patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Senna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.08.004","article-title":"Improvement in the spatial distribution of pain, somatic symptoms, and depression following a weight-loss intervention","volume":"18","author":"Schrepf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01088096","article-title":"Reduced plasma fibrinogen, serum peroxides, lipids, and apolipoproteins after a 3-week vegetarian diet","volume":"43","author":"Hostmark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"41","article-title":"Vegetarian diet in the treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"26","author":"Azad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med. Res. Counc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/030097400447697","article-title":"Vegan diet alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Kaartinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00276-6","article-title":"Antioxidants in vegan diet and rheumatic disorders","volume":"155","author":"Kaartinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, M.S., Speight, N., and Loomis, S. (2001). Fibromyalgia syndrome improved using a mostly raw vegetarian diet: An observational study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-1-7"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"392","article-title":"Efectos de la dieta lacto-vegetariana y ejercicios de estabilizaci\u00f3n del core sobre la composici\u00f3n corporal y el dolor en mujeres con fibromialgia: Ensayo controlado aleatorizado [Effects of lacto-vegetarian diet and stabilization core exercises on body composition and pain in women with fibromyalgia: Randomized controlled trial]","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalsen, A., Riegert, M., L\u00fcdtke, R., B\u00e4cker, M., Langhorst, J., Schwickert, M., and Dobos, G.J. (2005). Mediterranean diet or extended fasting\u2019s influence on changing the intestinal microflora, immunoglobulin A secretion and clinical outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: An observational study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-5-22"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Rubio-Arias, J.\u00c1., Ramos-Campo, D.J., Reche-Garc\u00eda, C., Leyva-Vela, B., and Nadal-Nicol\u00e1s, Y. (2020). Psychological and sleep effects of tryptophan and magnesium-enriched mediterranean diet in women with fibromyalgia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072227"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1168-2","article-title":"A Khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): A randomized crossover trial","volume":"56","author":"Whittaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2018.1445047","article-title":"A Khorasan wheat-based replacement diet improves risk profile of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A randomized clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Dinu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.206","article-title":"Characterization of Khorasan wheat (Kamut) and impact of a replacement diet on cardiovascular risk factors: Cross-over dietary intervention study","volume":"67","author":"Sofi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.10254","article-title":"Relief of fibromyalgia symptoms following discontinuation of dietary excitotoxins","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"S131","article-title":"Aspartame-induced fibromyalgia, an unusual but curable cause of chronic pain","volume":"28","author":"Ciappuccini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlando, A., Tutino, V., Notarnicola, M., Riezzo, G., Linsalata, M., Clemente, C., Prospero, L., Martulli, M., D\u2032Attoma, B., and De Nunzio, V. (2020). Improved symptom profiles and minimal inflammation in IBS-D patients undergoing a long-term low-FODMAP diet: A lipidomic perspective. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061652"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"16","article-title":"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"46","author":"Helfenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reum."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1443-0","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and nutrition, what do we know?","volume":"30","author":"Arranz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dietary inflammatory index: A new tool for assessing diet quality based on inflammatory potential","volume":"49","author":"Steck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digest"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000361","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, body composition, and activity associated with bone health in women with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:04Z","timestamp":1760177044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12092525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]}}}