{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:36:03Z","timestamp":1790285763885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Editorial support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Editorial support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnesium deficiency may occur for several reasons, such as inadequate intake or increased gastrointestinal or renal loss. A large body of literature suggests a relationship between magnesium deficiency and mild and moderate tension-type headaches and migraines. A number of double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials have shown that magnesium is efficacious in relieving headaches and have led to the recommendation of oral magnesium for headache relief in several national and international guidelines. Among several magnesium salts available to treat magnesium deficiency, magnesium pidolate may have high bioavailability and good penetration at the intracellular level. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular effects of magnesium deficiency in the brain and the clinical evidence supporting the use of magnesium for the treatment of headaches and migraines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T11:53:49Z","timestamp":1598874829000},"page":"2660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Headaches and Magnesium: Mechanisms, Bioavailability, Therapeutic Efficacy and Potential Advantage of Magnesium Pidolate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jeanette A.","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisele","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital and Inserm 1107 Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, Medical Faculty, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Giacomoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Consumer Health Care, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7153-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche L. Sacco, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi Consumer Health Care, 20158 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S161","article-title":"A clinical electroencephalographic and trace element study with special reference to zinc, copper and magnesium in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cases of migraine","volume":"232","author":"Jain","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. 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