{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:25:13Z","timestamp":1792009513593,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of the vitamin K status and its effects on clinical outcomes in kidney transplantation (KT) patients has sparked interest, but it is still largely unfulfilled. In part, this is due to difficulties in laboratory measurements of vitamin K, especially K2 vitamers. Vitamin K status is currently best assessed by measuring undercarboxylated vitamin-K-dependent proteins. The relative contribution of vitamin K1 and K2 to the health status of the general population and CKD (chronic kidney disease) patients, including KT patients, is also poorly studied. Through a complete and first review of the existing literature, we summarize the current knowledge of vitamin K pathophysiology and its potential role in preventing KT complications and improving organ survival. A specific focus is placed on cardiovascular complications, bone fractures, and the relationship between vitamin K and cancer. Vitamin K deficiency could determine adverse outcomes, and KT patients should be better studied for vitamin K assessment and modalities of effective therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T23:12:49Z","timestamp":1599433969000},"page":"2717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vitamin K and Kidney Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cosmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Evenepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nephrology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Nickolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Aghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, PD, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tripepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Ospedali Riuniti, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Plebani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Iervasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vettor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Zaninotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Ravera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Foramitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisione di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Renal Department, ASST-Cremona, Largo Priori 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, PD, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padova, PD, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gallieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u2018Luigi Sacco\u2019, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorent, M., Foucher, Y., Kerleau, K., Brouard, S., Baayen, C., Lebouter, S., Naesens, M., Bestard Matamoros, O., \u00c5sberg, A., and Giral, M. (2019). The EKiTE network (epidemiology in kidney transplantation\u2014A European validated database): An initiative epidemiological and translational European collaborative research. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1522-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000495946","article-title":"Utility of cardiac biomarkers in the setting of kidney disease","volume":"141","author":"Savoj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx258","article-title":"Desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein is a novel circulating biomarker predicting deterioration of renal function in the general population","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy399","article-title":"Joint association of vitamins D and K status with long-term outcomes in stable kidney transplant recipients","volume":"35","author":"Beulens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.014","article-title":"Vitamin K status and mortality after kidney transplantation: A cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Keyzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.3014","article-title":"Risk of hip fracture among dialysis and renal transplant recipients","volume":"288","author":"Ball","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3608","article-title":"Poor vitamin K Status is associated with low bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in end-stage renal disease","volume":"34","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-03-0147","article-title":"Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K","volume":"100","author":"Shearer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0783","article-title":"Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health","volume":"55","author":"Fusaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.5505","article-title":"Vitamin K: Food composition and dietary intakes","volume":"56","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Nutrizione Umana\u2014SINU (2014). Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed Energia per la Popolazione Italiana, (LARN) Revisione 2014, SICS."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la Sant\u00e9 (2016). Recommandations nutritionnelles pour la Belgique\u2014CSS n\u00b0 9285, Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de la Sant\u00e9. Available online: https:\/\/www.health.belgium.be\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/fields\/fpshealth_theme_file\/9285_avis_rec_nutr_corr_170105_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00685-0","article-title":"Vitamin K effects in human health: New insights beyond bone and cardiovascular health","volume":"33","author":"Fusaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silaghi, C.N., Ily\u00e9s, T., Filip, V.P., Farca\u0219, M., Van Ballegooijen, A.J., and Cr\u0103ciun, A.M. (2019). Vitamin K dependent proteins in kidney disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071571"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.11138\/ccmbm\/2017.14.1.200","article-title":"Vitamin K and bone","volume":"14","author":"Fusaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azuma, K., Casey, S.C., Urano, T., Horie-Inoue, K., Ouchi, Y., Blumberg, B., and Inoue, S. (2015). Pregnane X receptor knockout mice display aging-dependent wearing of articular cartilage. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119177"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.1.100","article-title":"Phylloquinone in plasma from elderly and young adults: Factors influencing its concentration","volume":"50","author":"Sadowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.11.041","article-title":"Subclinical vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients","volume":"49","author":"Pilkey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114390","article-title":"Vitamin K status in chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0764-2","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin K and D deficiency and decreased BMD in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0864","article-title":"Measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinones-4 and -7) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Riphagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.04.024","article-title":"Low vitamin K1 intake in haemodialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Fusaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.191","article-title":"Vitamin K intake and status are low in hemodialysis patients","volume":"82","author":"Cranenburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansz, T.T., Neradova, A., van Ballegooijen, A.J., Verhaar, M.C., Vervloet, M.G., Schurgers, L.J., and van Jaarsveld, B.C. (2018). The role of kidney transplantation and phosphate binder use in vitamin K status. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203157"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1677","article-title":"Vitamin K, vertebral fractures, vascular calcifications, and mortality: VItamin K Italian (VIKI) dialysis study","volume":"27","author":"Fusaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"471","article-title":"Sevelamer use is associated with decreased vitamin K levels in hemodialysis patients: Results from the Vitamin K Italian (VIKI) study. Abstract FR-PO146","volume":"30","author":"Fusaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr226","article-title":"Patients using vitamin K antagonists show increased levels of coronary calcification: An observational study in low-risk atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"32","author":"Weijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.2.241","article-title":"Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin","volume":"166","author":"Gage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2174\/15701611113119990146","article-title":"Prevalence of vertebral fractures, vascular calcifications, and mortality in warfarin treated hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Fusaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000481207","article-title":"Warfarin use and increased mortality in end-stage renal disease","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0673-z","article-title":"Calcimimetic and vitamin D analog use in hemodialyzed patients is associated with increased levels of vitamin K dependent proteins","volume":"51","author":"Fusaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1159\/000102978","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of coronary and aortic calcifications assessed by chest CT in renal transplant recipients","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"477","article-title":"Vitamin K-dependent proteins after kidney transplantation: Results from a prospective study. Abstract FR-PO167","volume":"30","author":"Fusaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"938","article-title":"Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Lees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01998-3","article-title":"Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.07.001","article-title":"Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients\u2014A single-arm, single-center clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Mansour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Keyzer, C.A. (2020, September 03). Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized controlled trial investigating vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification propensity in vitamin K deficient renal transplant recipients. EudraCT Number: 2019-004906-88. Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/trial\/2019-004906-88\/NL\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxma, P.Y., Berg, E.V.D., Geleijnse, J.M., Laverman, G.D., Schurgers, L.J., Vermeer, C., Kema, I.P., Muskiet, F.A., Navis, G., and Bakker, S.J.L. (2012). Vitamin K intake and plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla-protein levels in kidney transplant recipients. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047991"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witham, M.D., Lees, J.S., White, M., Band, M., Bell, S., Chantler, D.J., Ford, I., Fulton, R.L., Kennedy, G., and Littleford, R.C. (2020). Vitamin K supplementation to improve vascular stiffness in CKD: The K4Kidneys randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020020225"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181c46b69","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K2 supplement improves bone status after lung and heart transplantation","volume":"89","author":"Bollerslev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00178.x","article-title":"Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"58","author":"Alem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001754","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for hip or other bone fractures among hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study","volume":"70","author":"Jadoul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2954-4","article-title":"Increased undercarboxylated osteocalcin\/intact osteocalcin ratio in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Nagata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/382448a0","article-title":"Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice","volume":"382","author":"Ducy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirota, Y., and Suhara, Y. (2019). New aspects of vitamin K research with synthetic ligands: Transcriptional activity via SXR and neural differentiation Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123006"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00012-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00012-19","article-title":"Unexpected role of matrix Gla protein in osteoclasts: Inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Boil."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2016.07.003","article-title":"Bone loss and vascular calcification: A bi-directional interplay?","volume":"86","author":"Vassalle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000343396","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein is involved in crystal formation in kidney of hyperoxaluric rats","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, A.M., Tile, L., Lee, Y., Tomlinson, G., Hawker, G., Scher, J., Hu, H., Vieth, R., Thompson, L., and Jamal, S. (2008). Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO Trial): A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050196"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-04949-0","article-title":"Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Mott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen-Bucay, A., Gordon, C.E., and Francis, J.M. (2019). Non-immunological complications following kidney transplantation. F1000Research, 8.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16627.1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1592","article-title":"Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"306","author":"Engels","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600912","article-title":"Structural basis for Gas6\u2013Axl signalling","volume":"25","author":"Sasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238284","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/238284","article-title":"Meta-analysis of microarray data identifies GAS6 expression as an independent predictor of poor survival in ovarian cancer","volume":"2013","author":"Buehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1596\/neo.111740","article-title":"Prevalence of prostate cancer metastases after intravenous inoculation provides clues into the molecular basis of dormancy in the bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20265","article-title":"Gas6 induces proliferation in prostate carcinoma cell lines expressing the Axl receptor","volume":"204","author":"Sainaghi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S237174","article-title":"Overexpression of GAS6 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in bladder cancer by activation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21224","article-title":"Periostin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of connective tissues","volume":"101","author":"Norris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00225","article-title":"Periostin: A matricellular protein with multiple functions in cancer development and progression","volume":"8","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6657-4_13","article-title":"The multiaspect functions of periostin in tumor progression","volume":"1132","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.4109","article-title":"Expression of periostin in breast cancer cells","volume":"51","author":"Grzegrzolka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G.-E., Lee, J.S., Park, M.H., and Yoon, J.H. (2017). Epithelial periostin expression is correlated with poor survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187635"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-15-0079","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived periostin regulates cytokines that maintain breast cancer stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"8072","article-title":"Prognostic value of periostin in early-stage breast cancer treated with conserving surgery and radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2018.171225","article-title":"Identification of serum periostin as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for colorectal cancer","volume":"64","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl15481","article-title":"The combination of periostin overexpression and microvascular invasion is related to a poor prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2018.07.019","article-title":"Overexpression of periostin in tumor biopsy samples is associated with prostate cancer phenotype and clinical outcome","volume":"16","author":"Cattrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1590","article-title":"Overexpression of periostin predicts poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2017.01.19","article-title":"Overexpression of POSTN in Tumor Stroma Is a Poor Prognostic Indicator of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"51","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23335","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8024","article-title":"Identification of extracellular vesicle-borne periostin as a feature of muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"7","author":"Silvers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03527.x","article-title":"Expression of the extracellular matrix protein periostin in liver tumours and bile duct carcinomas","volume":"56","author":"Riener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.05.014","article-title":"Real-time cell analysis of the inhibitory effect of vitamin K2 on adhesion and proliferation of breast cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Kiely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103465","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21403","article-title":"IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors and Vitamin K1 enhance the antitumor effects of Regorafenib in HCC cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Refolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2017.1379090","article-title":"Vitamin K and cancer","volume":"77","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28691","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: Results from the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg)","volume":"91","author":"Nimptsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.187740","article-title":"Dietary intake of vitamin k is inversely associated with mortality risk","volume":"144","author":"Corella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24430","article-title":"Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Yoshida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin Riaz, I., Riaz, H., Riaz, T., Rahman, S., Amir, M., Badshah, M.B., and Kazi, A.N. (2012). Role of vitamin K2 in preventing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-170"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.3.358","article-title":"Role of Vitamin K2 in the Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in women with viral cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"292","author":"Habu","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2717\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:08Z","timestamp":1760177228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12092717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092717","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]]}}}