{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:30:29Z","timestamp":1785209429278,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Low vitamin D status is common in very old adults which may have adverse consequences for muscle function, a major predictor of disability. Aims: To explore the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and disability trajectories in very old adults and to determine whether there is an \u2018adequate\u2019 25(OH)D concentration which might protect against a faster disability trajectory. Methodology: A total of 775 participants from the Newcastle 85+ Study for who 25(OH)D concentration at baseline was available. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations of &lt;25 nmol\/L, 25\u201350 nmol\/L and &gt;50 nmol\/L were used as cut-offs to define low, moderate and high vitamin D status, respectively. Disability was defined as difficulty in performing 17 activities of daily living, at baseline, after 18, 36 and 60 months. Results: A three-trajectory model was derived (low-to-mild, mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe). In partially adjusted models, participants with 25(OH)D concentrations &lt;25 nmol\/L were more likely to have moderate and severe disability trajectories, even after adjusting for sex, living in an institution, season, cognitive status, BMI and vitamin D supplement use. However, this association disappeared after further adjustment for physical activity. Conclusions: Vitamin D status does not appear to influence the trajectories of disability in very old adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T09:01:09Z","timestamp":1599642069000},"page":"2742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Disability Trajectories in Very Old Adults: The Newcastle 85+ Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"College of Nursing, Umm Al-Quraa University, Makkah 715, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Mendonca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"EpiDoC Unit, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NMS-UNL), 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Aspray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Freeman Hospital, NHS, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ruiz-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscreening Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5 PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Jagger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Mathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freeman Hospital, NHS, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom R.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobbens, R.J., and van Assen, M.A. (2014). The prediction of ADL and IADL disability using six physical indicators of frailty: A longitudinal study in the Netherlands. Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/358137"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Wong, M., Chang, B., Lai, X., Lum, C.M., Auyeung, T.W., Lee, J., Tsoi, K., Lee, R., and Woo, J. (2016). Trends in activities of daily living disability in a large sample of community-dwelling Chinese older adults in Hong Kong: An age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ Open, 6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013259"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.04.017","article-title":"Prevalence of functional disability in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and associated factors, as predictors of morbidity and mortality","volume":"50","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300361","article-title":"Mortality risk associated with disability: A population-based record linkage study","volume":"101","author":"Majer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ali, Z. (2014). Economics of Disability in Bangladesh."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D and Aging","volume":"42","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metabol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328331c707","article-title":"Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle","volume":"12","author":"Ceglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M7","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.1.M7","article-title":"Relation between vitamin D, physical performance, and disability in elderly persons","volume":"57","author":"Zamboni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0678-3","article-title":"Prevalence of clinically relevant muscle weakness and its association with vitamin D status among older adults in Ecuador","volume":"29","author":"Orces","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2004.19.2.265","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age","volume":"19","author":"Borchers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.07.046","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with disability and disease progression in multiple sclerosis patients independently of oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"381","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3622-0","article-title":"Association of arthritis and vitamin D insufficiency with physical disability in Mexican older adults: Findings from the Mexican Health and Aging Study","volume":"37","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1529","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency among older women with and without disability","volume":"72","author":"Semba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3366-9","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and its determinants in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"27","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12539","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive decline in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"22","author":"Granic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12273","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased all-cause mortality in very old women: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"277","author":"Granic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collerton, J., Davies, K., Jagger, C., Kingston, A., Bond, J., Eccles, M.P., Robinson, L.A., Martin-Ruiz, C., von Zglinicki, T., and James, O.F.W. (2009). Health and disease in 85 year olds: Baseline findings from the Newcastle 85+ cohort study. BMJ, 339.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4904"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2011.08.001","article-title":"Assessment of a large panel of candidate biomarkers of ageing in the Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"132","author":"Jagger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00057-3","article-title":"The assessment of disability with the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. Conceptual framework and psychometric properties","volume":"43","author":"Kempen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collerton, J., Barrass, K., Bond, J., Eccles, M., Jagger, C., James, O., Martin-Ruiz, C., Robinson, L., von Zglinicki, T., and Kirkwood, T. (2007). The Newcastle 85+ study: Biological, clinical and psychosocial factors associated with healthy ageing: Study protocol. BMC Geriatr., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-7-14"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"751","article-title":"Micronutrient intake and food sources in the very old","volume":"16","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Feldman, D. (2018). Chapter 57B\u2014The IOM\u2014Endocrine Society Controversy on Recommended Vitamin D Targets: In Support of the Endocrine Society Position. Vitamin D, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"50","article-title":"Protein Intake and Disability Trajectories in Very Old Adults: The Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"67","author":"Granic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2015.02.006","article-title":"The enduring effect of education-socioeconomic differences in disability trajectories from age 85 years in the Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"60","author":"Kingston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 Report on Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What Clinicians Need to Know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2020, September 07). Vitamin D and Health, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/537616\/SACN_Vitamin_D_and_Health_report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granic, A., Hill, T.R., Davies, K., Jagger, C., Adamson, A., Siervo, M., Kirkwood, T.B., Mathers, J.C., and Sayer, A.A. (2017). Vitamin D Status, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Decline in Very Old Adults: A Prospective Study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040379"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-006-0002-9","article-title":"Bone geometry and skeletal fragility","volume":"4","author":"Bouxsein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Peppel, J., Franceschi, R.T., Li, Y., and van der Eerden, B.C.J. (2018). Chapter 17\u2014Vitamin D Regulation of Osteoblast Function A2\u2014Feldman, David. Vitamin D, Academic Press. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809965-0.00017-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.002","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Lips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.029","article-title":"Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: A population-based study of younger and older adults","volume":"116","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.07.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function","volume":"29","author":"Ceglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5766","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030604","article-title":"Low Vitamin D and High Parathyroid Hormone Levels as Determinants of Loss of Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia): The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam","volume":"88","author":"Visser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3877-z","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with functional decline and falls in frail elderly women despite supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Kotlarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.752","article-title":"Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged \u2265 60 y","volume":"80","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"513","article-title":"Correlation between vitamin D levels and muscle fatigue risk factors based on physical activity in healthy older adults","volume":"11","author":"Alghadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.22","article-title":"Cross-sectional study on different characteristics of physical activity as determinants of vitamin D status; inadequate in half of the population","volume":"67","author":"Visser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.06.550","article-title":"Association between physical activity and vitamin D: A narrative literature review","volume":"63","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a8f7ed","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is related to indicators of overall physical fitness in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"16","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toffanello, E.D., Perissinotto, E., Sergi, G., Zambon, S., Musacchio, E., Maggi, S., Coin, A., Sartori, L., Corti, M.-C., and Baggio, G. (2012). Vitamin D and physical performance in elderly subjects: The Pro. VA study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034950"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.3.378","article-title":"Disability in activities of daily living: Patterns of change and a hierarchy of disability","volume":"87","author":"Dunlop","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601198","article-title":"Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years","volume":"55","author":"Kyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf023","article-title":"Associations of body composition with physical performance and self-reported functional limitation in elderly men and women","volume":"156","author":"Sternfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M214","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.3.M214","article-title":"Body fat and skeletal muscle mass in relation to physical disability in very old men and women of the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"53","author":"Visser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.3.584","article-title":"High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"68","author":"Visser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granic, A., Davies, K., Jagger, C., Kirkwood, T.B., Syddall, H.E., and Sayer, A.A. (2016). Grip strength decline and its determinants in the very old: Longitudinal findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163183"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2742\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:08:14Z","timestamp":1760177294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12092742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092742","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]}}}