{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:46:54Z","timestamp":1790696814092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51A240-104890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51A240-104890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"Universit\u00e4t Basel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51A240-104890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51A240-104890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007013","name":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51A240-104890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51A240-104890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Freie Akademische Gesellschaft","award":["51A240-104890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51A240-104890"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 FA) status may be associated with mood disorders. Here, we evaluated the potential association between antenatal depression\/anxiety and n-3\/n-6 FA in (a) maternal erythrocytes and (b) human milk. In addition, we explored associations between n-3\/n-6 FA in erythrocytes and in human milk and postpartum depression, while controlling for antenatal depression. Twenty-seven pregnant women diagnosed with a current major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 9), anxiety disorder (AD; n = 10) or a mixed anxiety-depression disorder (MADD; n = 8), and 40 healthy controls were included. n-3\/n-6 FA were determined in maternal erythrocytes in gestational week 32 and in human milk in postpartum week 1. In the first week postpartum, the Edinburgh-Postnatal-Depression-Questionnaire was used to assess postpartum depression. Results show that women with M(A)DD had significantly lower erythrocyte levels of total n-3 FA, EPA, DHA and DGLA, and significantly higher n-6 DPA, and n-6:n-3, AA:EPA and n-6 DPA:DHA ratios compared to healthy controls. No significant associations between antenatal depression or anxiety and n-3\/n-6 FA in human milk were found. After controlling for antenatal mental health, n-3\/n-6 FA in maternal erythrocytes or in human milk were not significantly associated with postpartum depression. In conclusion, antenatal depression, alone or with an anxiety disorder, was associated with lower n-3 FA levels and higher n-6:n-3 FA ratios in maternal erythrocytes during gestation. This study provides some insights into the associations between n-3\/n-6 FA levels during pregnancy and lactation and perinatal mental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T09:05:16Z","timestamp":1599815116000},"page":"2773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Levels of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids in Maternal Erythrocytes during Pregnancy and in Human Milk and Its Association with Perinatal Mental Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Corinne","family":"Urech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone R. B. M.","family":"Eussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Alder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Biology &amp; Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Boehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Science Consulting, 04107 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Bitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Bartke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Hoesli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0593-1","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of antenatal depression in the US population","volume":"19","author":"Ashley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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