{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:22:33Z","timestamp":1789842153995,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is a steroid hormone traditionally connected to phosphocalcium metabolism. The discovery of pleiotropic expression of its receptor and of the enzymes involved in its metabolism has led to the exploration of the other roles of this vitamin. The influence of vitamin D on autoimmune disease\u2014namely, on autoimmune thyroid disease\u2014has been widely studied. Most of the existing data support a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and a greater tendency for development and\/or higher titers of antibodies linked to Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, Graves\u2019 disease, and\/or postpartum thyroiditis. However, there have also been some reports contradicting such relationships, thus making it difficult to establish a unanimous conclusion. Even if the existence of an association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease is assumed, it is still unclear whether it reflects a pathological mechanism, a causal relationship, or a consequence of the autoimmune process. The relationship between vitamin D\u2019s polymorphisms and this group of diseases has also been the subject of study, often with divergent results. This text presents a review of the recent literature on the relationship between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease, providing an analysis of the likely involved mechanisms. Our thesis is that, due to its immunoregulatory role, vitamin D plays a minor role in conjunction with myriad other factors. In some cases, a vicious cycle is generated, thus contributing to the deficiency and aggravating the autoimmune process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,13]],"date-time":"2020-09-13T21:11:32Z","timestamp":1600031492000},"page":"2791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease\u2014Cause, Consequence, or a Vicious Cycle?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas Henriques","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00edrcea","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, R. Larga 2, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554714","article-title":"Vitamin D in thyroid disorders","volume":"123","author":"Kmiec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0158","article-title":"Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Vitamin D as a potential contributor in endocrine health and disease","volume":"171","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. 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