{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:07:01Z","timestamp":1790741221484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009576","name":"Kenneth Rainin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn's and Colitis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an association between food additive emulsifiers and the prevalence of Crohn\u2019s disease. This study aimed to investigate: (i) the effect of different classes of emulsifiers on markers of intestinal inflammation in mice and (ii) the feasibility, nutritional adequacy and symptom impact of restricting all emulsifier classes in Crohn\u2019s disease. Mice were exposed to different classes of emulsifiers (carboxymethycellose, polysorbate-80, soy lecithin, gum arabic) in drinking water for 12-weeks, after which markers of inflammation and metabolism were measured. A low emulsifier diet was developed to restrict all classes of emulsifiers and its feasibility measured over 14-days in 20 participants with stable Crohn\u2019s disease. Crohn\u2019s disease-related symptoms, disease control, body weight and composition, nutrient intake and food-related quality of life (QoL) were measured. All emulsifiers resulted in lower murine colonic length compared with control (mean 9.5 cm (SEM 0.20)), but this only reached significance for polysorbate-80 (8.2 cm (0.34), p = 0.024) and carboxymethylcellulose (8.0 cm (0.35), p = 0.013). All 20 participants completed the feasibility study. The frequency of consuming emulsifier-containing foods decreased by 94.6% (SD 10.3%). Food-related QoL improved between habitual (median 81.5 (IQR 25.0)) and low emulsifier diet (90.0 (24.0), p = 0.028). Crohn\u2019s disease-related symptoms reduced (median 3.0 (IQR 5.3) vs. 1.4 (3.9), p = 0.006), and disease control scores improved (13.5 (IQR 6.0) vs. 15.5 (IQR 3.0), p = 0.026). A range of emulsifiers may influence intestinal inflammation in mice, and dietary restriction of emulsifiers is feasible. Trials investigating the efficacy of a low emulsifier diet in Crohn\u2019s disease are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:24:09Z","timestamp":1600165449000},"page":"2827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Emulsifiers Impact Colonic Length in Mice and Emulsifier Restriction is Feasible in People with Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2108-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia M.","family":"Sandall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina R.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1BB, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Gewirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Chassaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"},{"name":"INSERM, U1016, Team \u201cMucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases\u201d, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5414-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"390","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.01.004","article-title":"Hypothesis: Increased consumption of emulsifiers as an explanation for the rising incidence of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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