{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:12:10Z","timestamp":1773115930908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As mothers age, the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes may increase, but the results so far are controversial and several issues remain unknown, such as the impact of maternal weight on the effects associated with older age. In a prospective cohort of 912 Polish women with singleton pregnancies (recruited in 2015\u20132016), we assessed the pregnancy outcomes depending on the mother\u2019s age (18\u201324, 25\u201329, 30\u201334, 35\u201339, and \u226540 years). Women aged \u226535 years (vs. &lt;35 years) were assessed in terms of body mass index (BMI). Multidimensional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) of the pregnancy results. The risk profiles (using the Lowess method) were applied to determine the threshold risk. We found that both the youngest and the oldest group members displayed higher adjusted odds ratios of preeclampsia (PE), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth &lt;37th week (U-shaped risk). In the remaining cases, the age \u226540 years, compared to the youngest age 18\u201324 years, was associated with a higher adjusted risk of gestational hypertension (GH) (AOR = 5.76, p = 0.034), gestational diabetes mellitus GDM-1 (AOR = 7.06, p = 0.016), cesarean section (AOR = 6.97, p &lt;0.001), and low birth weight LBW (AOR = 15.73, p = 0.033) as well as macrosomia &gt;4000 g (AOR = 8.95, p = 0.048). We found that older age \u226535 years (vs. &lt;35 years) was associated with higher adjusted odds ratios of all the pregnancy outcomes investigated. In obese women, these adverse older age related results were found to be more intense in GH study, as well as (though weaker) in birth &lt;37th week study, small-for-gestational age birth weight (SGA), LBW, large-for-gestational age birth weight (LGA), and macrosomia. In overweight women, these adverse older age related results were found to be more intense in preterm birth study, as well as (though weaker) in SGA and LBW. In underweight women, adverse pregnancy outcomes related to older age were more intense in a study of cesarean section. At the same time, underweight was associated with reversal of some negative effects of older age (we found lower odds ratios of GDM-1 diabetes). The maternal threshold age above which the risk of GH, PE, GDM, caesarean section, and preterm birth increased was 33\u201334 years (lower than the threshold of 35 years assumed in the literature), and the threshold risk of IUGR, LBW, SGA, LGA, and macrosomia was 36\u201337 years. Main conclusions: Older maternal age was associated with a higher chance of all kinds of obstetric complications. Older women should particularly avoid obesity and overweight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T20:44:13Z","timestamp":1600289053000},"page":"2838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Influence of Maternal BMI on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Older Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Division of Gynecological Surgery, University Hospital, Poznan 60-535, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sajdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecological Surgery, University Hospital, Poznan 60-535, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wi\u0119ckowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Manevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lubi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, P., Chen, G., Wang, Z., Guo, C., and Zheng, X. (2017). The Role of Parental Education in Child Disability in China from 1987 to 2006. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186623"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, F., Monet, B., Ducruet, T., Chaillet, N., and Audibert, F. (2018). Effect of Maternal Age on the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Large Cohort Study. 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