{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:23:37Z","timestamp":1790310217538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QUHI-BRC-20\/21-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUHI-BRC-20\/21-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections have been a cause of mortality for several centuries and continue to endanger the lives of many, specifically of the younger population. Vitamin D has long been recognized as a crucial element to the skeletal system in the human body. Recent evidence has indicated that vitamin D also plays an essential role in the immune response against viral infections and suggested that vitamin D deficiency increases susceptibility to viral infections as well as the risk of recurrent infections. For instance, low serum vitamin D levels were linked to increased occurrence of high burdens viral diseases such as hepatitis, influenza, Covid-19, and AIDS. As immune cells in infected patients are responsive to the ameliorative effects of vitamin D, the beneficial effects of supplementing vitamin D-deficient individuals with an infectious disease may extend beyond the impact on bone and calcium homeostasis. Even though numerous studies have highlighted the effect of vitamin D on the immune cells, vitamin D\u2019s antiviral mechanism has not been fully established. This paper reviews the recent mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system, both innate and adaptive systems, and reflects on the link between serum vitamin D levels and viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1600676281000},"page":"2879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maheen","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judhell S.","family":"Manansala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana A.","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheyath K.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria K.","family":"Smatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadin","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A.","family":"Althani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi M.","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Science-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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