{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:27Z","timestamp":1787029227515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n y al Posgrado","award":["PAIP, 5000-9105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAIP, 5000-9105"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["PAPIIT, IN202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT, IN202219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Magnesium is a mineral that modulates several physiological processes. However, its relationship with intestinal microbiota has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the role of dietary magnesium content to modulate the intestinal microbiota of Wistar male rats. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned one of three diets: a control diet (C-Mg; 1000 mg\/kg), a low magnesium content diet (L-Mg; 60 mg\/kg), and a high magnesium content diet (H-Mg; 6000 mg\/kg), for two weeks. After treatment, fecal samples were collected. Microbiota composition was assessed by sequencing the V3\u2013V4 hypervariable region. Results: The C-Mg and L-Mg groups had more diversity than H-Mg group. CF231, SMB53, Dorea, Lactobacillus and Turibacter were enriched in the L-Mg group. In contrast, the phyla Proteobacteria, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Victivallis were overrepresented in the H-Mg group. PICRUSt analysis indicated that fecal microbiota of the L-Mg group were encoded with an increased abundance of metabolic pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. Conclusion: Dietary magnesium supplementation can result in intestinal dysbiosis development in a situation where there is no magnesium deficiency. Conversely, low dietary magnesium consumption is associated with microbiota with a higher capacity to harvest energy from the diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T09:40:56Z","timestamp":1600767656000},"page":"2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effect of Dietary Magnesium Content on Intestinal Microbiota of Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Arantxa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Legorreta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Vinculaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de la Facultad de Medicina, de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 14600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Alfonso","family":"Soriano-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Mariana","family":"Flores-Buend\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Noel","family":"Medina-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilia G.","family":"Noriega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Granados-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Nambo-Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 14600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando R.","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n \u201cSalvador Zubir\u00e1n\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Mendoza-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Secuenciaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 14600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Barrera-Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pedraza-Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Palacios-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Vinculaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de la Facultad de Medicina, de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Mexico City 14600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009892","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009892","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Baraldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095388","article-title":"Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Grober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.11.005","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium and Chronic Disease","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.7","article-title":"Dietary magnesium deficiency affects gut microbiota and anxiety-like behaviour in C57BL\/6N mice","volume":"27","author":"Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3072","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3072","article-title":"Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5812","article-title":"The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health","volume":"362","author":"Gentile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8724","article-title":"Association between the gut microbiota and mineral metabolism","volume":"98","author":"Skrypnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.008","article-title":"The impact of dietary transition metals on host-bacterial interactions","volume":"23","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4174","article-title":"Dietary zinc alters the microbiota and decreases resistance to Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"22","author":"Zackular","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001089","article-title":"Iron supplements modulate colon microbiota composition and potentiate the protective effects of probiotics in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"23","author":"Constante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/111.11.1876","article-title":"Effect of magnesium deficiency on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high carbohydrate diet","volume":"111","author":"Rayssiguier","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"124","article-title":"Effects of long-term dietary intake of magnesium on oxidative stress, apoptosis and ageing in rat liver","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Lopetuso, L.R., Scaldaferri, F., Pulcini, G., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). Food components and dietary habits: Keys for a healthy gut microbiota composition. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102393"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy186","article-title":"Dietary magnesium alleviates experimental murine colitis through upregulation of the transient receptor potential melastatin 6 channel","volume":"24","author":"Trapani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.7","article-title":"Dietary magnesium deficiency alters gut microbiota and leads to depressive-like behaviour","volume":"27","author":"Winther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, E.K., Long-Smith, C.M., Murphy, A., Patterson, E., Murphy, K., O\u2019Gorman, D.M., Stanton, C., and Nolan, Y.M. (2018). Dietary supplementation with a magnesium-rich marine mineral blend enhances the diversity of gastrointestinal microbiota. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060216"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.117374","article-title":"Changes in intestinal bifidobacteria levels are associated with the inflammatory response in magnesium-deficient mice","volume":"140","author":"Pachikian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545642","article-title":"Low dietary iron intake restrains the intestinal inflammatory response and pathology of enteric infection by food-borne bacterial pathogens","volume":"45","author":"Kortman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigors, S., O\u2019 Doherty, J.V., and Sweeney, T. (2020). Colonic microbiome profiles for improved feed efficiency can be identified despite major effects of farm of origin and contemporary group in pigs. Animal, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120001500"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.99","article-title":"Clostridiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae as active fermenters in earthworm gut content","volume":"5","author":"Wust","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.17-0021","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the intestinal flora in type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic mice","volume":"66","author":"Horie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500187","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota in rats fed high-fat diets by processing whole-grain barley to barley malt","volume":"59","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2817","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and detection of \u201clive gut bacteria\u201d in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12492","article-title":"Magnesium and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Mooren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1175","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children","volume":"28","author":"Huerta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e1607","article-title":"Comparison of serum magnesium levels in overweight and obese children and normal weight children","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80667-6","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency: Pathophysiologic and clinical overview","volume":"24","author":"Cameron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"218","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, equivalent trial","volume":"21","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1978.73","article-title":"The mucosa-associated microflora of the rat intestine: A study of normal distribution and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea","volume":"56","author":"Phillips","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2012.01891.x","article-title":"Alterations in composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO03015H","article-title":"Vinegar extract ameliorates alcohol-induced liver damage associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in mice","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J., Hiel, S., Neyrinck, A.M., Le Roy, T., Potgens, S.A., Leyrolle, Q., Pachikian, B.D., Gianfrancesco, M.A., Cani, P.D., and Paquot, N. (2020). Discovery of the gut microbial signature driving the efficacy of prebiotic intervention in obese patients. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319726"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, C., Bell, R., Klag, K.A., Lee, S.H., Soto, R., Ghazaryan, A., Buhrke, K., Ekiz, H.A., Ost, K.S., and Boudina, S. (2019). T cell-mediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity. Science, 365.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9351"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:12:17Z","timestamp":1760177537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/9\/2889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12092889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092889","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]}}}