{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:00:32Z","timestamp":1777604432180,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56DK110239-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56DK110239-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01OD021420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01OD021420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients require surgical intervention due to limited pharmacological treatment options. Antibodies targeting \u03b14\u00df7, a gut-homing integrin, are one of the most promising IBD treatments. As retinoic acid (RA) regulates expression of gut-homing proteins including \u03b14\u00df7 integrin, we tested if ALDH1A enzymes in the RA synthesis pathway could be targeted for IBD treatment using a potent inhibitor, WIN 18,446. Age- and sex-matched Smad3\u2212\/\u2212 mice were fed a diet with and without WIN 18,446 for 3 weeks before triggering inflammation with Helicobacter bilis infection. Colitis was evaluated by histopathology one week following the IBD trigger, and T cell subsets were evaluated before and after the IBD trigger. WIN 18,446 treatment significantly reduced IBD severity in Smad3\u2212\/\u2212 mice and reduced expression of \u03b14\u00df7 integrin on multiple activated CD4+ T cell subsets. This change was associated with increased ratios of induced regulatory T cells to Th17 cells during the inflammatory response in the draining lymph nodes. These studies indicate that RA reduction via ALDH1A enzyme inhibition is a potential new target for IBD treatment. Further studies are needed to examine its effects on other types of immune cells, to evaluate the efficacy window for this target, and to determine its efficacy in other animal models of IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T01:39:33Z","timestamp":1600997973000},"page":"2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Protective Effects of ALDH1A Enzyme Inhibition on Helicobacter-Induced Colitis in Smad3\u2212\/\u2212 Mice are Associated with Altered \u03b14\u00df7 Integrin Expression on Activated T Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Seamons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Haenisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Meeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olesya","family":"Pershutkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"Brabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piper M.","family":"Treuting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jisun","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12745","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12745","article-title":"Toward Improved Control of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"89","author":"Eberhardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. 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