{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:17:47Z","timestamp":1760239067781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["311876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311876"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) are collectively recognized triglyceride-lowering agents, and their preventive action is likely mediated by changes in gene expression. However, as most studies employ fish oil, which contains a mixture of n-3 LC-PUFAs, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-specific transcriptional effects on lipid metabolism are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to further elucidate the DHA-induced transcriptional effects on lipid metabolism in the liver, and to investigate the effects of co-administration with other bioactive compounds having effects on lipid metabolism. To this purpose, HepG2 cells were treated for 6 or 24 h with DHA, the short-chain fatty acid propionate (PRO), and protocatechuic acid (PCA), the main human metabolite of cyanidin-glucosides. Following supplementation, we mapped the global transcriptional changes. PRO and PCA alone had a very slight effect on the transcriptome; on the contrary, supplementation of DHA highly repressed the steroid and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, this transcriptional modulation being not affected by co-supplementation. Our results confirm that DHA effect on lipid metabolism are mediated at least in part by modulation of the expression of specific genes. PRO and PCA could contribute to counteracting dyslipidemia through other mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T22:24:42Z","timestamp":1601245482000},"page":"2952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Co-Administration of Propionate or Protocatechuic Acid Does Not Affect DHA-Specific Transcriptional Effects on Lipid Metabolism in Cultured Hepatic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4134-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Danesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Agri-food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rk D.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, 5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Di Nunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Agri-food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronni","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, 5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0609-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"de Biase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Valli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-5787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Mandrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, 5230 Odense M, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4579-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bordoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Agri-food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Pharmacological management of metabolic syndrome and its lipid complications","volume":"18","author":"Adeli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665119000545","article-title":"The role of bioactives in energy metabolism and metabolic syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Bordoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. 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