{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:37:11Z","timestamp":1783996631638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1155810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1155810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1084816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1084816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP455593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP455593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP455592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP455592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are common in pregnancy and associated with adverse maternal\/neonatal outcomes. In pregnant women with asthma, this study examined the association of lifestyle- and asthma-related factors on 25(OH)D levels and maternal\/neonatal outcomes by vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at 16 and 35 weeks gestation in women with asthma (n = 103). Body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), smoking status, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use, asthma control, airway inflammation, and exacerbations, and maternal\/neonatal outcomes were collected. Baseline and change (\u0394) in 25(OH)D were modelled separately using backward stepwise regression, adjusted for season and ethnicity. Maternal\/neonatal outcomes were compared between low (25(OH)D &lt; 75 nmol\/L at both time points) and high (\u226575 nmol\/L at one or both time points) vitamin D status. Fifty-six percent of women had low vitamin D status. Obesity was significantly associated with lower baseline 25(OH)D (Adj-R2 = 0.126, p = 0.008); ICS and airway inflammation were not. Excess GWG and season of baseline sample collection were significantly associated with \u039425(OH)D (Adj-R2 = 0.405, p &lt; 0.0001); asthma-related variables were excluded (p &gt; 0.2). Preeclampsia was more common in the low (8.6%) vs. high (0%) vitamin D group (p &lt; 0.05). Obesity and excess GWG may be associated with gestational 25(OH)D levels, highlighting the importance of antenatal weight management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"2978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Levels During Pregnancy in Women with Asthma: Associations with Maternal Characteristics and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8653-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soriah M.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa E.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.4706","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women and Their Infants","volume":"10","author":"Bilek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262505","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common during pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01283.x","article-title":"Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Fawzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00560-x","article-title":"Vitamin D and Maternal and Child Health","volume":"106","author":"Moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765849","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.065","article-title":"In utero exposure to 25(OH) D and risk of childhood asthma, wheeze and respiratory tract infections: A meta-analysis of birth cohort studies","volume":"139","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1169","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1169","article-title":"Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"346","author":"Aghajafari","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00500","article-title":"The Implications of Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy on Mother and her Developing Child","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.107862","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy: A metabolic outlook","volume":"17","author":"Kaushal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9017951","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9017951","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D Status and Its Effect on Vitamin D Levels in Early Infancy in a Tertiary Care Centre in Sri Lanka","volume":"2019","author":"Anusha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12762","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy prevents vitamin D deficiency in the newborn: An open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Rodda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pregnant women with asthma and its association with adverse respiratory outcomes during infancy","volume":"32","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1600906","article-title":"Asthma during Pregnancy: Exacerbations, Management, and Health Outcomes for Mother and Infant","volume":"38","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.07.018","article-title":"The Association of Maternal Asthma and Early Pregnancy Vitamin D with Risk of Preeclampsia: An Observation From Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART)","volume":"6","author":"Mirzakhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.049718","article-title":"Asthma exacerbations during pregnancy: Incidence and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89031","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of preeclampsia","volume":"126","author":"Mirzakhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13320","article-title":"Impact of parental asthma, prenatal maternal asthma control, and vitamin D status on risk of asthma and recurrent wheeze in 3-year-old children","volume":"49","author":"Mirzakhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugen, J., Ulak, M., Chandyo, R.K., Henjum, S., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., Ueland, P.M., Midtun, \u00d8., Shrestha, P.S., and Strand, T.A. (2016). Low Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency among Nepalese Infants Despite High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency among Their Mothers. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120825"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabaset, S., Krieger, J.P., Richard, A., Elgizouli, M., Nieters, A., Rohrmann, S., and Quack L\u00f6tscher, K.C. (2019). Vitamin D status and its determinants in healthy pregnant women living in Switzerland in the first trimester of pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2150-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, H., Zheng, M., Wu, Y., Zeng, T., Fu, J., and Zeng, D. (2018). Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in the Chinese population: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195700"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.10.002","article-title":"Association of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors with vitamin D status in pregnant women and neonates in Oakland, CA","volume":"111","author":"Dror","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000439093","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in Healthy Slovenian Pregnant Women","volume":"67","author":"Benedik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005855","article-title":"Determinants of vitamin D status in pregnant fair-skinned women in Sweden","volume":"110","author":"Brembeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0465-2","article-title":"Association between vitamin D status during pregnancy and total gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: A prospective cohort","volume":"74","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12103","article-title":"Seasonal variation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among non-Hispanic black and white pregnant women from three US pregnancy cohorts","volume":"28","author":"Gelaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01313.x","article-title":"Vitamin D status and its predictive factors in pregnancy in 2 Australian populations","volume":"51","author":"Perampalam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Zealand J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandevijvere, S., Amsalkhir, S., Van Oyen, H., and Moreno-Reyes, R. (2012). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women: A national cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043868"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.09.018","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency based on maternal mid-gestation and neonatal cord bloods: The Generation R Study","volume":"164","author":"Vinkhuyzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.05.003","article-title":"Maternal smoking and the vitamin D-parathyroid hormone system during the perinatal period","volume":"151","author":"Mendoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508055712","article-title":"Vitamin D status among immigrant mothers from Pakistan, Turkey and Somalia and their infants attending child health clinics in Norway","volume":"101","author":"Madar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404056","article-title":"Suboptimal vitamin D levels in pregnant women despite supplement use","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health Rev. Can. De Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1389-z","article-title":"Changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy: A Brazilian cohort","volume":"57","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12239","article-title":"Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0132-z","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and body fat mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Golzarand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.115295","article-title":"Tracking of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status during pregnancy: The importance of vitamin D supplementation","volume":"102","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130419","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with uteroplacental dysfunction indicated by pre-eclampsia and small-for-gestational-age birth in a large prospective pregnancy cohort in Ireland with low vitamin D status","volume":"104","author":"Kiely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003980","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes in a bi-ethnic cohort: The Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (B.A.B.Y.) Study","volume":"114","author":"Nobles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1956","article-title":"A prospective study of respiratory viral infection in pregnant women with and without asthma","volume":"144","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60971-9","article-title":"Management of asthma in pregnancy guided by measurement of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"Powell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Rasmussen, K.M., and Yaktine, A.L. (2009). The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines, National Academies Press (US), National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108","article-title":"Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population","volume":"159","author":"Hankinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14d29.x","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control","volume":"14","author":"Juniper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1991.tb142140.x","article-title":"The diagnosis of gestational diabetes","volume":"155","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9410-7","article-title":"Low vitamin D status and obesity: Role of nutritionist","volume":"18","author":"Savastano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110396720","article-title":"First Trimester Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Factors Related to Lower Levels in Gravids Living in the Spanish Mediterranean Coast","volume":"18","author":"Chedraui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, C.B., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., Hansen, L.V., Str\u00f8m, M., Nielsen, N.O., Cohen, A., and Olsen, S.F. (2013). Development and Validation of a Vitamin D Status Prediction Model in Danish Pregnant Women: A Study of the Danish National Birth Cohort. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053059"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03316.x","article-title":"Vitamin D PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates","volume":"70","author":"Bowyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13239","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of preterm birth: Up-to-date meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, K., He, Y., Mu, M., and Liu, K. (2019). Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and Low birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med., 1\u2013161.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1623780"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/2978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1760177684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/2978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12102978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12102978","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]}}}