{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:44:45Z","timestamp":1764996285013,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The diet of Poles became similar to the western style of nutrition. It is rich in saturated fats, it contains significant quantities of salt, and has very low fruit and vegetable content. On the other hand, introducing an incorrectly planned diet that eliminates animal products may be associated with the risk of deficiencies of certain vitamins and minerals. Taking into account the regular diet of Poles, a properly balanced vegetarian menu may be a better and safer choice for the proper functioning of the organism. Aim: The analysis of the content of individual types of vegetarian diets and a comparison with the menus of the regular diet of the Polish population. Materials and methods: 70 menus were subjected to a quantitative analysis, 10 menus for each 7 type of diet eliminating products of animal origin and regular diets without elimination. The caloricity of the designed diets was \u00b12000 kcal. The quantitative evaluation of the menus was performed using the Dieta 6d dietary program. Statistical significance was established at p \u2264 0.05. Results: It was observed that the regular diet of Poles (RD) featured the highest content of total fats, as well as saturated acids and cholesterol. The VEGAN diet was characterized by the lowest total protein content and the lack of wholesome protein and cholesterol. RD was characterized by the lowest average content of dietary fiber. The highest content of saccharose was observed in RD. Sodium content in RD significantly exceeded the recommended daily norm. RD featured insufficient content of the following minerals and vitamins: potassium, calcium, magnesium, iodine, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, folates, and Vitamin D. The norm for calcium has not been fulfilled also in milk-free and vegan diets. All of the analyzed diets lacked proper amounts of iodine and Vitamin D. The highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed in the VEGAN diet. The periodic elimination of meat and fatty dairy products should be included in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome, hypertensions, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: The regular diet of Poles turned out to be more dangerous for health in terms of deficiencies than properly balanced diets eliminating products of animal origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"2986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Change in the Content of Nutrients in Diets Eliminating Products of Animal Origin in Comparison to a Regular Diet from the Area of Middle-Eastern Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kamila","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Brodowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Department, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, \u017bo\u0142nierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Pokorska-Niewiada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Dairy Technology and Food Storage, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Papie\u017ca Paw\u0142a VI 3, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3886S","article-title":"The critical role played by animal source foods in human (Homo) evolution","volume":"133","author":"Milton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3923\/ijmeat.2011.15.26","article-title":"Meat Species Specifications to Ensure the Quality of Meat\u2014A Review","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.09.019","article-title":"Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study","volume":"58","author":"Ruby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2018, November 21). World Cancer Research Fund International, Cancer Prevention Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/dietandcancer\/recommendations\/limit-red-processed-meat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000936","article-title":"Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: A review","volume":"15","author":"McEvoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.05.032","article-title":"Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Plasma Lipids","volume":"104","author":"Ferdowsian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.9.986","article-title":"Aging, Adiposity, and Calorie Restriction","volume":"297","author":"Fontana","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pob\u0142ocki, J., Jasi\u0144ska, A., Syrenicz, A., Andrysiak-Mamos, E., and Szczuko, M. (2020). The Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Digestive Tract: Diagnosis, Treatment and Nutrition. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051437"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1189","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals","volume":"3","author":"Surh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrea, L., Altieri, B., Muscogiuri, G., Laudisio, D., Annunziata, G., Colao, A., Faggiano, A., and Savastano, S. (2018). Impact of Nutritional Status on Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NET) Aggressiveness. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121854"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4490","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Omy\u0142a-Rudzka, M. (2014). Centre for Public Opinion Research, Research Report CBOS. ISSN 2353-5822."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736K","article-title":"Vegetarian diets: What do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?","volume":"89","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1886","article-title":"Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Tonstad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D., Micha, R., and Wallace, S. (2010). Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000252"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604448","article-title":"Soy intake and breast cancer risk in Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12107","article-title":"Eggs: The uncracked potential for improving maternal and young child nutrition among the world\u2019s poor","volume":"72","author":"Iannotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"29","article-title":"Eggs are a valuable source of bioactive ingredients, FOOD","volume":"5","author":"Kijowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Qual."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"36","article-title":"Nutritional assessment in vegetarians and vegans: Questions clinicians should ask","volume":"95","author":"Plotnikoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minn. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.142","article-title":"Serum concentrations of Vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: Results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Gilsing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","article-title":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency","volume":"368","author":"Stabler","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6062131","article-title":"Beyond Meatless, the Health Effects of Vegan Diets: Findings from the Adventist Cohorts","volume":"6","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamainternmed.70","article-title":"Effect of Legumes as Part of a Low Glycemic Index Diet on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"172","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S32368","article-title":"Lactose intolerance: Diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors","volume":"5","author":"Mattar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03557.x","article-title":"Review article: Lactose intolerance in clinical practice\u2014Myths and realities","volume":"27","author":"Lomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2017.06.004","article-title":"Lactose, glucose and galactose content in milk, fermented milk and lactose-free milk products","volume":"73","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/pteridines-2019-0004","article-title":"Riboflavin\u2014Properties, occurrence and its use in medicine","volume":"30","author":"Szczuko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pteridines"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Muehlhoff, E., Bennett, A., and McMahon, D. (2013). Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition [Online], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/018\/i3396e\/i3396e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.07.042","article-title":"Diet in the prevention of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa)","volume":"73","author":"Danby","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.05.045","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids improve uterine artery blood flow velocity in women with recurrent miscarriage due to impaired uterine perfusion","volume":"92","author":"Lazzarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000893","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA: Health Benefits Throughout Life1","volume":"3","author":"Swanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.742985","article-title":"Nutrients and Chemical Pollutants in Fish and Shellfish. Balancing Health Benefits and Risks of Regular Fish Consumption","volume":"56","author":"Domingo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.11.038","article-title":"Heavy metals concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern Mediterranean Sea: Consumption advisories","volume":"53","author":"Copat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.20883\/medical.e54","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular disease and eating behavior in group of women and men aged 20 to 30 years","volume":"83","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"441","article-title":"Assessment of the consumption of vitamins and minerals in daily food rations of students of the University of Rzesz\u00f3w","volume":"63","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Natl. Inst. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"261","article-title":"Nutrition and nourishment status of Polish students in comparison with students from other countries","volume":"66","author":"Szczuko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Roczniki Pa\u0144stwowego Zak\u0142adu Higieny"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Jarosz, M. (2017). Normy \u017cywienia dla populacji Polski, Instytut \u017bywno\u015bci i \u017bywienia."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009654","article-title":"Plant protein and animal proteins: Do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk?","volume":"6","author":"Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.915165","article-title":"Major Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women","volume":"122","author":"Bernstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.2287","article-title":"Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from 2 prospective cohort studies","volume":"172","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"W\u0142odarek, D., Lange, E., Koz\u0142owska, L., and G\u0142\u0105bska, D. (2015). Dietotherapy, PZWL Medical."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11492","article-title":"Protein and vegetarian diets","volume":"199","author":"Marsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"231","article-title":"Health benefits and risks of plant proteins","volume":"106","author":"Babinska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek List."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000808","article-title":"Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri- and postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Thorpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.2.148","article-title":"Acute tryptophan depletion as a model of depressive relapse","volume":"187","author":"Booij","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.051","article-title":"Vegetarian diets and depressive symptoms among men","volume":"225","author":"Hibbeln","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Cierniak-Piotrowska, M., Marciniak, G., and Sta\u0144czak, J. (2015). Morbidity and Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and the Demographic Situation of Poland, Central Statistical Office."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33429","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7960","article-title":"Lipidome in colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8337-y","article-title":"Role of Cholesterol in APP Metabolism and Its Significance in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"47","author":"Maulik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.102442","article-title":"The Role of Maternal-Fetal Cholesterol Transport in Early Fetal Life: Current Insights1","volume":"88","author":"Baardman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Boil. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.044","article-title":"Composition, properties and health benefits of indigestible carbohydrate polymers as dietary fiber: A review","volume":"61","author":"Mudgil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Boil. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27023","article-title":"Metabolic activity of the enteric microbiota influences the fatty acid composition of murine and porcine liver and adipose tissues","volume":"89","author":"Wall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16504","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.496","article-title":"Zinc and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"5","author":"Skrovanek","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.12991","article-title":"New unsweetened truths about sugar","volume":"174","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640613484463","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Misselwitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00241","article-title":"Systematic Review: Effective Management Strategies for Lactose Intolerance","volume":"152","author":"Shaukat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2011.01162.x","article-title":"Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Staudacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x","article-title":"Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach","volume":"25","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12225","article-title":"High sodium intake is associated with increased glucocorticoid production, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Baudrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Jeukendrup, A., and Gleeson, M. (2018). Sport Nutrition, Human Kinetics Publishers. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.03.001","article-title":"Potassium-rich diet and risk of stroke: Updated meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Iannotta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Cogswell, M.E., Gillespie, C., Fang, J., Loustalot, F., Dai, S., Carriquiry, A.L., Kuklina, E.V., Hong, Y., and Merritt, R. (2013). Association between Usual Sodium and Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure and Hypertension among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005\u20132010. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075289"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2011.09.002","article-title":"Revisiting lactose as an enhancer of calcium absorption","volume":"22","author":"Kwak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.020","article-title":"Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition","volume":"27","author":"Agnoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30489-8","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Menopause","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05040610","article-title":"Vegetarian Compared with Meat Dietary Protein Source and Phosphorus Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Moe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12516","article-title":"Intakes of Magnesium, Potassium, and Calcium and the Risk of Stroke among Men","volume":"10","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00293.x","article-title":"Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease","volume":"68","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"509","article-title":"Coffee drinking and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Optimistic scientific data","volume":"66","author":"Wierzejska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Przeglad Epidemiologiczny"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw018","article-title":"Magnesium in pregnancy","volume":"74","author":"Dalton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.03.015","article-title":"Intestinal iron absorption","volume":"26","author":"Fuqua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Boil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-014-1504-6","article-title":"Zinc Supplementation in Acute Diarrhea","volume":"82","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2012.00430.x","article-title":"Maternal selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in pregnancy associated with small-for-gestational-age infants","volume":"10","author":"Mistry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.031","article-title":"Low-copper diet as a preventive strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Squitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015305","article-title":"Manganese","volume":"8","author":"Aschner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"839","article-title":"Prophylaxis of iodine deficiency","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Natural forms of Vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, D.O. (2016). B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020068"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2014.10.004","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism: Epidemiology, metabolism and the associated diseases","volume":"58","author":"Liew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"49","article-title":"Vitamin C: Overview and Update","volume":"16","author":"Schlueter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce, S.H.S., and Cheetham, T.D. (2010). Diagnosis and management of Vitamin D deficiency. BMJ, 340.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5664"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy041","article-title":"Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"So","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/2986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:55Z","timestamp":1760177695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/2986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12102986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12102986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]}}}