{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:04:06Z","timestamp":1790528646555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (R&amp;D matching funds on the field for Knowledge Integration and innovation)","award":["16824414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16824414"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human gut microbiota is involved in host health and disease development. Therefore, lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia (HL), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) may alter the composition of gut microbiota. Here, we investigated gut microbiota changes related to these diseases and their coexistence. This study involved 239 Japanese subjects, including healthy controls (HC). The fecal microbiota was analyzed through the isolation of bacterial genomic DNA obtained from fecal samples. Although there were no significant differences in the microbial structure between groups, there was a significant difference in the \u03b1-diversity between HC and the patients in whom two diseases coexisted. Moreover, Actinobacteria levels were significantly increased, whereas Bacteroidetes levels were significantly decreased in all disease groups. At the genus level, Bifidobacterium levels were significantly increased in the HL and T2D groups, as were those of Collinsella in all disease groups. In contrast, Alistipes levels were significantly lower in the HL group. Furthermore, metabolic enzyme families were significantly increased in all disease groups. Interestingly, the structure and function of the gut microbiota showed similar profiles in all the studied diseases. In conclusion, several changes in the structure of the gut microbiota are associated with T2D, HT, and HL in Japanese subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1601458861000},"page":"2996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Changes in the Gut Microbiota are Associated with Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japanese Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Takagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department for Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0556-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saori","family":"Kashiwagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsura","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Kamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7233-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayo","family":"Okuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Contract Development &amp; Manufacturing Center 4, Takara Bio Inc., Shiga 525-0058, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Tsujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Contract Development &amp; Manufacturing Center 4, Takara Bio Inc., Shiga 525-0058, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Ohnogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Contract Development &amp; Manufacturing Center 4, Takara Bio Inc., Shiga 525-0058, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.69.1","article-title":"Relation of serum total cholesterol and other factors to risk of cerebral infarction in Japanese men with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"69","author":"Iwashita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. 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