{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:53:29Z","timestamp":1773287609623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of human health. Numerous factors, including the mode of delivery, impact early gut colonization in newborns. Recent research focuses on the use of probiotics in the prevention of gut dysbiosis in newborns delivered by cesarean section (CS). The objective of this study was to determine whether a probiotic supplement given to newborns delivered by CS during their stay in the maternity ward alters the pattern of early gut colonization by lactic acid bacteria versus potential pathogens. A prospective, randomized trial was conducted. In total, 150 newborns, born at 38\u201340 weeks gestational age and delivered by CS, were included in the study. They were randomized into the intervention group, supplemented orally with a probiotic containing Bifidobacterium breve PB04 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL53A, and the control group. Stool samples were obtained on days 5 and 6 of life and after one month of life and were analyzed for the presence and abundance of the main groups of bacteria. An application of two probiotic bacteria during the first days of life after CS resulted in quick and abundant colonization by days 5 and 6, with high populations of L. rhamnosus and B. breve. The applied bacterial strains were present in the majority of neonates one month after. The supplementation of term neonates delivered by cesarean section immediately after birth with a mixture of L. rhamnosus and B. breve enriched the gut microbiota composition with lactic acid bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1602665962000},"page":"3128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effect of a Short-Time Probiotic Supplementation on the Abundance of the Main Constituents of the Gut Microbiota of Term Newborns Delivered by Cesarean Section\u2014A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Hurkala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Clinic, University Hospital, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 23 Str, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Lauterbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Clinic, University Hospital, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 23 Str, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Radziszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Clinic, University Hospital, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 23 Str, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Strus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krak\u00f3w, Czysta 18 Str, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Heczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krak\u00f3w, Czysta 18 Str, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174418000119","article-title":"The developing gut microbiota and its consequences for health","volume":"9","author":"Butel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08268-4","article-title":"Intestinal colonisation patterns in breastfed and formula-fed infants during the first 12 weeks of life reveal sequential microbiota signatures","volume":"7","author":"Timmerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jkowska-Mach, J., Chmielarczyk, A., Strus, M., Lauterbach, R., Heczko, P.B., and Mach, W. (2019). Neonate Bloodstream Infections in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries: An Update on Epidemiology and Prevention. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101750"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goli\u0144ska, E., Strus, M., Tomusiak-Plebanek, A., Wi\u0119cek, G., Kozie\u0144, \u0141., Lauterbach, R., Pawlik, D., Rzepecka-W\u0119glarz, B., K\u0119dzierska, J., and Dorycka, M. (2020). Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Contained in Gut Microbiota as a Primary Source of Sepsis in Low- and Very Low Birth Weight Neonates. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082517"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, C.Y.L., Bloomfield, F.H., and O\u2019Sullivan, J.M. (2018). Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Microbiome Development in Neonates. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030274"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01997","article-title":"Sensitive Quantitative Analysis of the Meconium Bacterial Microbiota in Healthy Term Infants Born Vaginally or by Cesarean Section","volume":"7","author":"Nagpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutayisire, E., Huang, K., Liu, Y., and Tao, F.-B. (2016). The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants\u2019 life: A systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0498-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Yu, J., Ahn, K.-M., Kim, K.W., Shin, Y.H., Lee, K.-S., Hong, S.A., Jung, Y.-H., Lee, E., and Yang, S.-I. (2014). Additive Effect between IL-13 Polymorphism and Cesarean Section Delivery\/Prenatal Antibiotics Use on Atopic Dermatitis: A Birth Cohort Study (COCOA). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096603"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12467","article-title":"Combined effects of prenatal medication use and delivery type are associated with eczema at age 2 years","volume":"45","author":"Wegienka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2385","article-title":"Association Between Cesarean Birth and Risk of Obesity in Offspring in Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood","volume":"170","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, M.A., Lozano, J.M., Rojas, M.X., Rodriguez, V.A., Rondon, M.A., Bastidas, J.A., Perez, L.A., Rojas, C., Ovalle, O., and Garcia-Harker, J.E. (2012). Prophylactic Probiotics to Prevent Death and Nosocomial Infection in Preterm Infants. Pediatr., 130.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3584"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu822","article-title":"Dysbiosis anticipating necrotizing enterocolitis in very premature infants","volume":"60","author":"Sim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001198","article-title":"Effect of Formula Containing Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 on Fecal Microbiota of Infants Born by Cesarean-Section","volume":"63","author":"Rodenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ajcn157529","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.157529","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial on the impact of early-life intervention with bifidobacteria on the healthy infant fecal microbiota and metabolome","volume":"106","author":"Bazanella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S164559","article-title":"Lactobacilli with superoxide dismutase-like or catalase activity are more effective in alleviating inflammation in an inflammatory bowel disease mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Heczko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Heczko, P.B., Strus, M., and Kochan, P. (2006). Critical evaluation of probiotic activity of lactic acid bacteria and their effects. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc., 57."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S166348","article-title":"Effects of oral probiotic supplementation on gut Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations and the clinical status of low-birth-weight preterm neonates: A multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Strus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00276-w","article-title":"Community-acquired serious bacterial infections in the first 90 days of life: A revisit in the era of multi-drug-resistant organisms","volume":"15","author":"Yusef","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy","volume":"7","author":"Neuman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.11.007","article-title":"Development of Microbiota in Infants and its Role in Maturation of Gut Mucosa and Immune System","volume":"48","author":"Ximenez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36521","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36521","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of the importance of colonization history in early-life gut microbiota assembly","volume":"7","author":"Kittana","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/3128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1760178047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/10\/3128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12103128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12103128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}}}