{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:59:48Z","timestamp":1785542388596,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8040-51530-057-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8040-51530-057-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Technology &amp; Business University","award":["PXM2020_014213_000017, QNJJ2020-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PXM2020_014213_000017, QNJJ2020-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli are important enteric pathogens that induce hemorrhagic colitis or even fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Emerging evidence shows that some bio-actives derived from fruits and vegetables may serve as alternatives to antibiotics for overcoming multidrug resistant E. coli infections. In this study, the Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) infection model was utilized to mimic E. coli-induced acute intestinal inflammation, and the effects of a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer protective compound, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), on the immune responses of Cr-susceptible C3H\/HeN mice were investigated. Dietary I3C significantly inhibited the loss of body weight and the increase in spleen size in Cr infected mice. In addition, I3C treatment reduced the inflammatory response to Cr infection by maintaining anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-22 mRNA levels while reducing expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL17A, IL6, IL1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of IL17, TNF-\u03b1, IL12p70, and G-CSF also were down-regulated by I3C in Cr-infected mice. Additionally, dietary I3C specifically enhanced the Cr-specific IgG response to Cr infection. In general, dietary I3C reduced the Cr-induced pro-inflammatory response in susceptible C3H\/HeN mice and alleviated the physiological changes and tissue damage induced by Cr infection but not Cr colonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"3148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dietary Indole-3-Carbinol Alleviated Spleen Enlargement, Enhanced IgG Response in C3H\/HeN Mice Infected with Citrobacter rodentium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanbei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology &amp; Business University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology &amp; Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynhchi","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lumei","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas T. Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01144-09","article-title":"The Citrobacter rodentium genome sequence reveals convergent evolution with human pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"192","author":"Petty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00015","article-title":"Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli: Ecology, pathogenesis, and evolution","volume":"3","author":"Hartland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. 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