{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:47:34Z","timestamp":1779259654230,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While vitamin D insufficiency is known to impact a multitude of health outcomes, including HIV-1, little is known about the role of vitamin D-mediated immune regulation in the female reproductive tract (FRT). We performed a pilot clinical study of 20 women with circulating 25(OH)D levels &lt;62.5 nmol\/L. Participants were randomized into either weekly or daily high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation groups. In addition to serum vitamin D levels, genital mucosal endpoints, including soluble mediators, immune cell populations, gene expression, and ex vivo HIV-1 infection, were assessed. While systemic vitamin D levels showed a significant increase following supplementation, these changes translated into modest effects on the cervicovaginal factors studied. Paradoxically, post-supplementation vitamin D levels were decreased in cervicovaginal fluids. Given the strong correlation between vitamin D status and HIV-1 infection and the widespread nature of vitamin D deficiency, further understanding of the role of vitamin D immunoregulation in the female reproductive tract is important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:45:51Z","timestamp":1602913551000},"page":"3176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin D Status Impacts Genital Mucosal Immunity and Markers of HIV-1 Susceptibility in Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9826-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neelima","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne S.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Asin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA"},{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Rollenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA"},{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mimi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4139-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas C.","family":"Vann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith R.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo F.","family":"Doncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"},{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences","volume":"87","author":"Holick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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