{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:12:14Z","timestamp":1784077934953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ER0805 and 01ER1501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ER0805 and 01ER1501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01GL1746A (PRIMAL)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GL1746A (PRIMAL)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: We aimed to evaluate the effect of proposed \u201cmicrobiome-stabilising interventions\u201d, i.e., breastfeeding for \u22653 months and prophylactic use of Lactobacillus acidophilus\/ Bifidobacterium infantis probiotics on neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) children aged 5\u20136 years. (2) Methods: We performed a 5-year-follow-up assessment including a strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) and an intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)-III test in preterm children previously enrolled in the German Neonatal Network (GNN). The analysis was restricted to children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and postnatal antibiotics. (3) Results: 2467 primary school-aged children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In multivariable linear regression models breastfeeding \u22653 months was associated with lower conduct disorders (B (95% confidence intervals (CI)): \u22120.25 (\u22120.47 to \u22120.03)) and inattention\/hyperactivity (\u22120.46 (\u22120.81 to \u22120.10)) as measured by SDQ. Probiotic treatment during the neonatal period had no effect on SDQ scores or intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Prolonged breastfeeding of highly vulnerable infants may promote their mental health later in childhood, particularly by reducing risk for inattention\/hyperactivity and conduct disorders. Future studies need to disentangle the underlying mechanisms during a critical time frame of development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T10:38:35Z","timestamp":1603708715000},"page":"3278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Breastfeeding for 3 Months or Longer but Not Probiotics Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Inattention\/Hyperactivity and Conduct Problems in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Children at Early Primary School Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00e4rtel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Spiegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingmar","family":"Fortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Astiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Oster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Siller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Viemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Banaschewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7628-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Romanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbert","family":"Herting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"G\u00f6pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1315","article-title":"Association of gestational age at birth with symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"172","author":"Ask","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bull-Larsen, S., and Mohajeri, M.H. 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