{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:31:10Z","timestamp":1777073470679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/09\/B\/NZ6\/00849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/09\/B\/NZ6\/00849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N N401 547040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N401 547040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We evaluated the impact of metal saturation of lactoferrin (with iron and manganese) on population numbers of pathogenic species relevant for neonatal sepsis that commonly originates from the gut due to bacterial translocation. Little attention has been paid to how metal ions bound to the protein affect its activity. Several reference and clinical strains as well as probiotic strains were incubated with different forms of lactoferrin: metal-depleted (apolactoferrin), iron-saturated (hololactoferrin) and manganese-saturated lactoferrin. We also attempted to confirm the observed effects of lactoferrin forms in vivo using rat pups. The observed decrease in population numbers of Gram-negative rods could not be confirmed by quantitative plating\u2014lactoferrin may regulate these populations diversely (e.g., by anti-biofilm activity) and contribute to the inhibition of inflammatory response. We did not see any effect of lactoferrin forms on staphylococci and bifidobacteria. However, we have noted a significant increase of population numbers of Lactobacillus strains upon incubation with manganese-saturated lactoferrin. These results were confirmed in vivo in a rat model. Metal saturation is an underestimated factor regulating lactoferrin activity. Some forms are more potent in the inhibition of pathogenic species while others, such as manganese-saturated lactoferrin, could contribute to the restoration of gut homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T09:29:32Z","timestamp":1604050172000},"page":"3340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lactoferrin Metal Saturation\u2014Which Form Is the Best for Neonatal Nutrition?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Majka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pilarczyk-Zurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Baranowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5653-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center of Oncology\u2014Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Division, 31-115 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Strus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.162","article-title":"Gut microbiota of the very-low-birth-weight infant","volume":"77","author":"Unger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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