{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1791596321750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology","award":["the Research Funding for Longevity Sciences (28-30, 30-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Research Funding for Longevity Sciences (28-30, 30-1)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of older adults with diabetes has become a major social burden. Diabetes, frailty, and cognitive dysfunction are closely related to the mechanisms of aging. Insulin resistance, arteriosclerosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction may be common mechanisms shared by frailty and cognitive impairment. Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, obesity, vascular factors, physical inactivity, and malnutrition are important risk factors for cognitive impairment and frailty in older adults with diabetes. The impact of nutrients on health outcomes varies with age; thus, shifting diet therapy strategies from the treatment of obesity\/metabolic syndrome to frailty prevention may be necessary in patients with diabetes who are over 75 years of age, have frailty or sarcopenia, and experience malnutrition. For the prevention of frailty, optimal energy intake, sufficient protein and vitamin intake, and healthy dietary patterns should be recommended. The treatment of diabetes after middle age should include the awareness of proper glycemic control aimed at extending healthy life expectancy with proper nutrition, exercise, and social connectivity. Nutritional therapy in combination with exercise, optimal glycemic and metabolic control, and social participation\/support for frailty prevention can extend healthy life expectancy and maintain quality of life in older adults with diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T20:05:25Z","timestamp":1604261125000},"page":"3367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Nutrition Management in Older Adults with Diabetes: A Review on the Importance of Shifting Prevention Strategies from Metabolic Syndrome to Frailty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Tamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-8653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Omura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9088-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). Pensions at a Glance 2019: OECD and G20 Indicators, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12333","article-title":"Impact of population aging on trends in diabetes prevalence: A meta-regression analysis of 160,000 Japanese adults","volume":"6","author":"Charvat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0005","article-title":"Diabetes and aging: Unique considerations and goals of care","volume":"40","author":"Kalyani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2020). 12. Older adults: Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43, S152\u2013S162.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S012"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). Committee Report: Glycemic targets for elderly patients with diabetes: Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)\/Japan Geriatrics Society (JGS) Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes. J. Diabetes Investig., 8, 126\u2013128.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12599"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Managing Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Global Guideline (2020, September 21). International Diabetes Federation. Available online: https:\/\/www.idf.org\/e-library\/guidelines\/78-global-guideline-for-managing-older-people-with-type-2-diabetes.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70046-9","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2333","article-title":"Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"162","author":"Walston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhetri, J.K., Zheng, Z., Xu, X., Ma, C., and Chan, P. (2017). The prevalence and incidence of frailty in Pre-diabetic and diabetic community-dwelling older population: Results from Beijing longitudinal study of aging II (BLSA-II). BMC Geriatr., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0439-y"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.3.182","article-title":"Sarcopenia, frailty, and diabetes in older adults","volume":"40","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ17-0390","article-title":"Frailty in elderly diabetes patients","volume":"65","author":"Yanase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100944","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies","volume":"55","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001483","article-title":"Magnitude of cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of six cognitive domains and the most frequently reported neuropsychological tests within domains","volume":"20","author":"Palta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1588","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: A pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia","volume":"39","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0737","article-title":"Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: A cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Rawlings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2174\/156720507780362065","article-title":"The epidemiology of adiposity and dementia","volume":"4","author":"Whitmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1190","article-title":"Contribution of metabolic syndrome components to cognition in older individuals","volume":"30","author":"Dik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1399","article-title":"Importance of treatment status in links between type 2 diabetes and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"McIntosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.05.011","article-title":"Hypoglycemia and cognitive function in diabetic patients","volume":"12","author":"Ebadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.460","article-title":"Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"301","author":"Whitmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000224760.22802.e8","article-title":"Postprandial plasma glucose excursions and cognitive functioning in aged type 2 diabetics","volume":"67","author":"Abbatecola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2203","article-title":"Glucose peaks and the risk of dementia and 20-year cognitive decline","volume":"40","author":"Rawlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00818.x","article-title":"Risk factors associated with cognitive decline in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: Pooled logistic analysis of a 6-year observation in the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"12","author":"Umegaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0491","article-title":"Risk of dementia in seniors with newly diagnosed diabetes: A population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Haroon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1428","article-title":"Participating in mental, social, and physical leisure activities and having a rich social network reduce the incidence of diabetes-related dementia in a cohort of swedish older adults","volume":"42","author":"Marseglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1667","article-title":"BMI, weight change, and dementia risk in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12843","article-title":"Low intakes of carotene, vitamin\u2009B(2), pantothenate and calcium predict cognitive decline among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"17","author":"Araki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-011-0066-9","article-title":"Transitions in cognitive status in relation to frailty in older adults: A comparison of three frailty measures","volume":"15","author":"Mitnitski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.05.013","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and all dementia among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001841","article-title":"Association of cognitive impairment with frailty in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Cognitive ability in late life and onset of physical frailty: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","volume":"65","author":"Gale","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2018.1491779","article-title":"Physical frailty and cognitive impairment is associated with diabetes and adversely impact functional status and mortality","volume":"130","author":"Thein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13831","article-title":"Chapter 2 Frailty concepts","volume":"20","author":"Arai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0755-4","article-title":"Genetics of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0533","article-title":"Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: Mechanistic links between common co-morbidities","volume":"229","author":"Cleasby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12365","article-title":"Sarcopenia and diabetes: Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for age-associated muscle mass and functional reduction","volume":"6","author":"Umegaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1444","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cognitive dysfunction: Does your metabolic profile affect your brain?","volume":"66","author":"Neergaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18998-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance is associated with cognitive decline among older koreans with normal baseline cognitive function: A prospective community-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00215","article-title":"Insulin resistance as a therapeutic target in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"12","author":"Benedict","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17014","article-title":"Mechanism of development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Katakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvoretskiy, S., Lieblein-Boff, J.C., Jonnalagadda, S., Atherton, P.J., Phillips, B.E., and Pereira, S.L. (2020). Exploring the association between vascular dysfunction and skeletal muscle mass, strength and function in healthy adults: A systematic review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030715"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0346-8","article-title":"Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: Emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease","volume":"24","author":"Sfyri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12666","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and white matter hyperintensity","volume":"15","author":"Tamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00220","article-title":"White matter hyperintensity in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive impairment, functional disability, and a high glycoalbumin\/glycohemoglobin ratio","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100782","article-title":"Brain microstructural abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"55","author":"Aarabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, Y., Shimoji, K., Ishikawa, J., Tachibana, A., Kodera, R., Oba, K., Toyoshima, K., Chiba, Y., Tokumaru, A.M., and Araki, A. (2020). Associations between sarcopenia and white matter alterations in older adults with diabetes mellitus: A diffusion tensor imaging study. J. Diabetes Investig.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13379"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25102","article-title":"Inflammation, stress, and diabetes","volume":"115","author":"Wellen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00012","article-title":"Source of chronic inflammation in aging","volume":"5","author":"Sanada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The role of inflammation in diabetes: Current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: Chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90609","article-title":"CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"127","author":"Chitnis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.03.013","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress\u2014A concise review","volume":"24","author":"Asmat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciejczyk, M., \u017bebrowska, E., and Chabowski, A. (2019). Insulin resistance and oxidative stress in the brain: What\u2019s new?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040874"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.972","article-title":"Increase of brain oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment: A possible predictor of Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.08.009","article-title":"The physiopathologic role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle","volume":"170","author":"Scicchitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp100","article-title":"Oxidative stress induces degradation of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"37","author":"Shokolenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders\u2014A step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies","volume":"1863","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646354","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/646354","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging","volume":"2012","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9695412","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9695412","article-title":"Mitochondria-and oxidative stress-targeting substances in cognitive decline-related disorders: From molecular mechanisms to clinical evidence","volume":"2019","author":"Lejri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.71","article-title":"Relationships between hyperglycemia and cognitive performance among adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0034","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Kodl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2014.0330","article-title":"Hypoglycemia in older people\u2014A less well recognized risk factor for frailty","volume":"6","author":"Abdelhafiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1578590","article-title":"Management of hypoglycemia in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"131","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10681","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10681.2003","article-title":"Hypoglycemic neuronal death and cognitive impairment are prevented by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors administered after hypoglycemia","volume":"23","author":"Suh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00036-9","article-title":"Neurologic damage in hypoglycemia","volume":"Volume 126","author":"Mohseni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogama, N., Sakurai, T., Kawashima, S., Tanikawa, T., Tokuda, H., Satake, S., Miura, H., Shimizu, A., Kokubo, M., and Niida, S. (2019). Association of glucose fluctuations with sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030319"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124952","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124952","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces skeletal muscle atrophy via a WWP1\/KLF15 axis","volume":"4","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.179515","article-title":"The diseasome of physical inactivity\u2014And the role of myokines in muscl\u2014Fat cross talk","volume":"587","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101108","article-title":"Exercise benefits on Alzheimer\u2019s disease: State-of-the-science","volume":"62","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ17-0415","article-title":"Twelve-year trends of increasing overweight and obesity in patients with diabetes: The Shiga Diabetes Clinical Survey","volume":"65","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guh, D.P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C.L., Anis, A.H., and Guh, D.P. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-88"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802634","article-title":"Anthropometric predictors of coronary heart disease in Chinese women","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Garc\u00eda-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Bull\u00f3, M., Corella, D., Fito, M., Ros, E., Lamuela-Ravent\u00f3s, R.M., and Rekondo, J. (2014). Obesity indexes and total mortality among elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103246"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00808.x","article-title":"Long-term multiple risk factor interventions in Japanese elderly diabetic patients: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial\u2014study design, baseline characteristics and effects of intervention","volume":"12","author":"Araki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1855","article-title":"Body mass index and mortality among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Pooled analysis of the Japan diabetes complications study and the Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial","volume":"99","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.05.011","article-title":"Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease","volume":"120","author":"Uretsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs006","article-title":"Adiposity, muscle mass, and muscle strength in relation to functional decline in older persons","volume":"35","author":"Schaap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, D., Yoshida, T., Watanabe, Y., Yamada, Y., Kimura, M., and Kyoto-Kameoka Study Group (2020). A U-Shaped relationship between the prevalence of frailty and body mass index in community-dwelling japanese older adults: The Kyoto-Kameoka Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051367"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.04.008","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of frailty and its potential mechanisms: A prospective cohort study of older adults","volume":"16","author":"Graciani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2110","article-title":"Impact of intensive lifestyle intervention on disability-free life expectancy: The Look AHEAD Study","volume":"41","author":"Gregg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.002","article-title":"GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition\u2014A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community","volume":"38","author":"Cederholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0309-6","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: Its history, mechanisms, and limitations","volume":"49","author":"Oda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2020, September 21). National Nutrition and Health Survey 2018. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/newpage_08789.html."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.034","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Mottillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.9.2258","article-title":"Increased mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome in older women with diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Hillier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.6.646","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular mortality in older type 2 diabetic patients: A longitudinal study","volume":"63","author":"Monami","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000246970","article-title":"Age-associated increase in abdominal obesity and insulin resistance, and usefulness of AHA\/NHLBI definition of metabolic syndrome for predicting cardiovascular disease in Japanese elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"56","author":"Sakurai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.766","article-title":"Is the metabolic syndrome, with or without diabetes, associated with progressive disability in older Mexican Americans?","volume":"62","author":"Blaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00819.x","article-title":"Risk factors for a 6-year decline in physical disability and functional limitations among elderly people with type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"12","author":"Sakurai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.08.005","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and functional ability in older age: The InCHIANTI study","volume":"33","author":"Laudisio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01139.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in elderly Latinos: Findings from the Sacramento Area Latino Study of Aging study","volume":"55","author":"Yaffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000096636","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cognitive function: A population-based follow-up study in elderly women","volume":"23","author":"Komulainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"656341","article-title":"Duration of type 2 diabetes and very low density lipoprotein levels are associated with cognitive dysfunction in metabolic syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Galioto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.H., and Choi, K.M. (2020). Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020494"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2310","article-title":"Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS)","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12652","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A population-based cohort study of older men","volume":"62","author":"Atkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw214","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between body composition, sarcopenic obesity and outcomes of frailty, disability, institutionalisation and mortality in community-dwelling older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project","volume":"46","author":"Hirani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3016","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and its temporal associations with changes in bone mineral density, incident falls, and fractures in older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0123-9","article-title":"Associations of sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity with bone mineral density and incident fractures over 5\u201310 years in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"99","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.019","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity and its association with cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes in Singapore","volume":"39","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13110","article-title":"Pilot study of the Mini Nutritional Assessment on predicting outcomes in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"592","article-title":"Malnutrition prevalence in hospitalized elderly diabetic patients","volume":"28","author":"Burgos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"185","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional status and its relationship with functional status in older citizens with diabetes mellitus using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) tool\u2014a preliminary investigation","volume":"6","author":"Turnbull","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0028-5","article-title":"The relationship between nutritional status, functional capacity, and health-related quality of life in older adults with type 2 diabetes: A pilot explanatory study","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"105","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive impairment and nutritional assessment on functional status in Calabrian long-term-care","volume":"9","author":"Malara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Intervs. Aging"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.12.074","article-title":"High prevalence of physical frailty among community-dwelling malnourished older adults\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Verlaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01170-1","article-title":"Malnutrition and sarcopenia","volume":"31","author":"Sieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Dympna, G., Heymsfield, S., and Wang, Z.M. (1999). 12 Skeletal Muscle Markers. The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance. Committee on Military Nutrition Research: Activity Report, National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine Committee on Military Nutrition Research."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granic, A., Sayer, A.A., and Robinson, S.M. (2019). Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle health, and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040745"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz045","article-title":"The risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality following weight change in adults with diabetes: Results from ADVANCE","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx204","article-title":"Physical function following a long-term lifestyle intervention among middle aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: The Look AHEAD Study","volume":"73","author":"Houston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00810.x","article-title":"Relations of nutritional intake to age, sex and body mass index in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"12","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13820","article-title":"Assessing the association between optimal energy intake and all-cause mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus using the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial","volume":"20","author":"Omura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-020-00439-5","article-title":"Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 2019","volume":"11","author":"Araki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Int."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, K., Yoshida, D., Honda, T., Hata, J., Shibata, M., Hirakawa, Y., Furuta, Y., Kishimoto, H., Ohara, T., and Kitazono, T. (2020). Prevalence and mortality of sarcopenia in a community-dwelling older Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. J. Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20190289"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1249-z","article-title":"Calorie intake and cognitive function in the elderly: Data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS)","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518003367","article-title":"The association between dietary protein intake, energy intake and physical frailty: Results from the Rotterdam Study","volume":"121","author":"Schoufour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, D., Yoshida, T., Nanri, H., Watanabe, Y., Date, H., Itoi, A., Goto, C., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Sagayama, H., and Ebine, N. (2020). Association between the prevalence of frailty and doubly labeled water-calibrated energy intake among community-dwelling older adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa133"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01978-7","article-title":"Higher protein intake is associated with a lower likelihood of frailty among older women, Kuopio OSTPRE-Fracture Prevention Study","volume":"59","author":"Isanejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1124-3","article-title":"Dietary factors associated with the development of physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"23","author":"Otsuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho-J\u00fanior, H.J., Milano-Teixeira, L., Rodrigues, B., Bacurau, R., Marzetti, E., and Uchida, M. (2018). Relative protein intake and physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091330"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0896-1","article-title":"The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: Individual participant data and meta-analysis of RCT\u2019s","volume":"21","author":"Tieland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy065","article-title":"The impact of dairy protein intake on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in middle-aged to older adults with or without existing sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hanach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy214","article-title":"Protein supplementation improves muscle mass and physical performance in undernourished prefrail and frail elderly subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S96017","article-title":"Dietary protein intake in sarcopenic obese older women","volume":"11","author":"Muscariello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0991-1","article-title":"Energy and protein intakes and their association with a decline in functional capacity among diabetic older adults from the NuAge cohort","volume":"55","author":"Rahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34791","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle modifications on patients with type 2 diabetes:the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS) study design, baseline analysis and three year-interim report","volume":"34","author":"Sone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaoka, T., Araki, A., Tamura, Y., Tanaka, S., Fujihara, K., Horikawa, C., Aida, R., Kamada, C., Yoshimura, Y., and Moriya, T. (2020). Association between low protein intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061629"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1317-4","article-title":"Association between dietary protein intake and cognitive function in adults aged 60 years and older","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120862","article-title":"Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wintermeyer, E., Ihle, C., Ehnert, S., St\u00f6ckle, U., Ochs, G., de Zwart, P., Flesch, I., Bahrs, C., and Nussler, A.K. (2016). Crucial role of vitamin D in the musculoskeletal system. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060319"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease","volume":"83","author":"Littlejohns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.023","article-title":"Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: Implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases","volume":"34","author":"Eyles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.06.007","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D in Amyloid clearance via LRP-1 upregulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A potential therapeutic target?","volume":"85","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03858.x","article-title":"A prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults","volume":"73","author":"Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, S.Y., Lee, J.Y., and Kim, D.H. (2018). Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of frailty syndrome: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0904-2"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.11.007","article-title":"Low-dose vitamin D supplementation and incident frailty in older people: An eight year longitudinal study","volume":"101","author":"Bolzetta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"4","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and muscle strength in pre-sarcopenic elderly Lebanese people: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Fares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3151-9","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation alone on muscle function in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Cangussu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.05.021","article-title":"Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Bauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.12.020","article-title":"A high whey protein, vitamin D and E supplement preserves muscle mass, strength, and quality of life in sarcopenic older adults: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Bo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15012","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of low vitamin D on cognition","volume":"65","author":"Goodwill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5696391","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5696391","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and cognition in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized control trial","volume":"2019","author":"Byrn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy105","article-title":"Low vitamin intake is associated with risk of frailty in older adults","volume":"47","author":"Struijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426506021002188","article-title":"Dietary Folate and Vitamin B12 Intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons","volume":"21","author":"Carney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9410","article-title":"Dietary folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 not associated with incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Nelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"230","article-title":"Antioxidant intake and cognitive function of elderly men and women: The Cache County Study","volume":"11","author":"Wengreen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws202","article-title":"The association of antioxidants and cognition in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study","volume":"177","author":"Devore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.18.189","article-title":"Effect of nutrients, dietary supplements and vitamins on cognition: A Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Forbes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Geriatr. J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, S.W., Kim, H.S., Han, J.H., Bae, J.B., Oh, D.J., Han, J.W., and Kim, K.W. (2020). Efficacy of vitamins on cognitive function of non-demented people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041168"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.10.018","article-title":"A randomized placebo controlled trial of vitamin B12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in older diabetic people with borderline low serum vitamin B12","volume":"36","author":"Kwok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_309_17","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"9","author":"Dass","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.063","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events","volume":"58","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-012-0002-3","article-title":"Icosapent ethyl, a pure ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid: Effects on circulating markers of inflammation from the MARINE and ANCHOR studies","volume":"13","author":"Bays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.5205","article-title":"Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: Meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77 917 individuals","volume":"3","author":"Aung","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812792","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"380","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110610","article-title":"Association of fatty acid consumption with frailty and mortality among middle-aged and older adults","volume":"70","author":"Jayanama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.105833","article-title":"Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults","volume":"102","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0415-3","article-title":"The impact of supplemental n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary antioxidants on physical performance in postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Kleppinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.19-85","article-title":"Reduced dietary omega-3 fatty acids intake is associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study of KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0381-9","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline in the elderly: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brainard, J.S., Jimoh, O.F., Deane, K.H.O., Biswas, P., Donaldson, D., Maas, K., Abdelhamid, A.S., Hooper, L., and PUFAH Group (2020). Omega-3, omega-6, and polyunsaturated fat for cognition: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.02.022"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1741","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and cognitive decline in women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Devore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70062-2","article-title":"Effects of basal insulin glargine and omega-3 fatty acid on cognitive decline and probable cognitive impairment in people with dysglycaemia: A substudy of the ORIGIN trial","volume":"2","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002179","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and mortality in the elderly: A prospective cohort study and a meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Bonaccio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0993-1","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and musculoskeletal-functional outcomes in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15251","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet reduces incident frailty risk: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tepper, S., Sivashensky, A.A., Shahar, D.R., Geva, D., and Cukierman-Yaffe, T. (2018). The association between Mediterranean diet and the risk of falls and physical function indices in older type 2 diabetic people varies by age. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060767"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy026","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and risk of frailty syndrome among women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Hagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41317","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41317","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing cognitive disorders: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.1668","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and age-related cognitive decline: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"175","author":"Corella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0130","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet and 2-year change in cognitive function by status of type 2 diabetes and glycemic control","volume":"42","author":"Mattei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz007","article-title":"Dietary patterns and frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Fard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"(2020, September 21). Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia WHO Guidelines. WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/neurology\/dementia\/guidelines_risk_reduction\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.02.006","article-title":"Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population","volume":"19","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00813.x","article-title":"Dietary pattern and mortality in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Does a vegetable- and fish-rich diet improve mortality? An explanatory study","volume":"12","author":"Iimuro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(98)00171-3","article-title":"The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients","volume":"15","author":"Vellas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M366","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.6.M366","article-title":"Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: Developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF)","volume":"56","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as, L., Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez, B., Carnicero, J.A., Rueda, R., Garc\u00eda-Garcia, F.J., Pereira, S.L., and Sulo, S. (2020). Impact of nutritional status according to GLIM criteria on the risk of incident frailty and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.032"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12543","article-title":"Validity of the Kihon Checklist for assessing frailty status","volume":"16","author":"Satake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13512","article-title":"Development of the Dementia Assessment Sheet for Community-based Integrated Care System 8-items, a short version of the Dementia Assessment Sheet for Community-based Integrated Care System 21-items, for the assessment of cognitive and daily functions","volume":"18","author":"Toyoshima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toyoshima, K., Araki, A., Tamura, Y., Ishikawa, J., Kodera, R., Oba, K., Chiba, Y., and Awata, S. (2020). Use of Dementia Assessment Sheet for Community-based Integrated Care System 8-items (DASC-8) for the screening of frailty and components of comprehensive geriatric assessment. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14057"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, D., Machida, S., Matsumoto, N., Shibagaki, Y., and Sakurada, T. (2018). Age modifies the association of dietary protein intake with all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111744"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, M.C., Padhye, N.S., Bertoni, A.G., Jacobs, D.R., and Mozaffarian, D. (2015). Everything in moderatio\u2014dietary diversity and quality, central obesity and risk of diabetes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141341"},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"e160","article-title":"Dietary diversity: Implications for obesity prevention in adult populations: A science advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"38","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1166-1","article-title":"Exercise and\/or dietary varieties and incidence of frailty in community-dwelling older women: A 2-year cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Osuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1271","article-title":"Development of a diabetes diet-related quality-of-life scale","volume":"27","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.09.006","article-title":"Severe hypoglycaemia during treatment with sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Capital Region of Denmark","volume":"110","author":"Thorsteinsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.136","article-title":"National estimates of insulin-related hypoglycemia and errors leading to emergency department visits and hospitalizations","volume":"174","author":"Geller","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12790","article-title":"The current status of treatment-related severe hypoglycemia in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus: A report from the committee on a survey of severe hypoglycemia in the Japan Diabetes Society","volume":"9","author":"Namba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2722","article-title":"Risk of severe hypoglycemia in sulfonylurea-treated patients from diabetes centers in Germany\/Austria: How big is the problem? Which patients are at risk?","volume":"32","author":"Schloot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). 12. Older Adults: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S139\u2013S147.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S012"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0229","article-title":"Increased risk of cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes is associated with metformin","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorcely, B., Nitis, J., Schwartzbard, A., Newman, J., Goldberg, I., and Sum, M.A. Case Report: Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis presenting as chest pain in a patient on a low carbohydrate diet. Curr. Diabetes Rev., 2020.","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399816666200316112709"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12848","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor use and dietary carbohydrate intake in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, open-label, 3-arm parallel comparative, exploratory study","volume":"19","author":"Yabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:27:53Z","timestamp":1760178473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12113367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}}}