{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:22:55Z","timestamp":1790806975820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007822","name":"Almond Board of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Almond kernels contain phytochemicals with positive health effects in relation to heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Several studies have previously highlighted that almond cell wall encapsulation during digestion and particle size are factors associated with these benefits. In the present study, we have characterized almond oleosomes, natural oil droplets abundant in plants, and we have investigated their integrity during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Methods: Oleosomes were visualized on the almond seed surface by imaging mass spectrometry analysis, and then characterized in terms of droplet size distribution by dynamic light scattering and protein profile by liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Results: The almond oleosomes\u2019 distribution remained monomodal after in vitro mastication, whereas gastric and duodenal digestion led to a bimodal distribution, albeit characterized mainly by a prevalent population with a droplet size decrease related to a rearrangement of the protein profile. Oleosins, structural proteins found in plant oil bodies, persisted unchanged during simulated mastication, with the appearance of new prunin isoforms after gastric and duodenal digestion. Conclusions: The rearrangement of the protein profile could limit lipid bioaccessibility. The data improve our understanding of the behavior of almond lipids during gastrointestinal digestion, and may have implications for energy intake and satiety imparted by almonds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Understanding the Fate of Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) Oleosomes during Simulated Digestion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4358-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Trombetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Smeriglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Zagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISMN c\/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences of the University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Tomassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Pietro Castellino, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Pilolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), via Giovanni Amendola 122\/O, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1290-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), via Giovanni Amendola 122\/O, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Monaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), via Giovanni Amendola 122\/O, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5663-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Mandalari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(94)90210-0","article-title":"Structure of plant seed oil bodies","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.102039","article-title":"Structure and functions of oleosomes (oil bodies)","volume":"274","author":"Nikiforidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(01)00086-5","article-title":"Oil-bodies as substrates for lipolytic enzymes","volume":"1531","author":"Beisson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514002414","article-title":"The effects of processing and mastication on almond lipid bioaccessibility using novel methods of in vitro digestion modelling and micro-structural analysis","volume":"112","author":"Mandalari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandalari, G., Parker, M.L., Grundy, M.M., Grassby, T., Smeriglio, A., Bisignano, C., Raciti, R., Trombetta, D., Baer, D.J., and Wilde, P.J. (2018). Understanding the effect of particle size and processing on almond lipid bioaccessibility through microstructural analysis: From mastication to faecal collection. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020213"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.035782","article-title":"Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets","volume":"96","author":"Novotny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.604","article-title":"Role of cell walls in the bioaccessibility of lipids in almond seeds","volume":"80","author":"Ellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.088328","article-title":"Effect of mastication on lipid bioaccessibility of almonds in a randomized human study and its implications for digestion kinetics, metabolizable energy, and postprandial lipemia","volume":"101","author":"Grundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.4.922","article-title":"Manipulation of lipid bioaccessibility of almond seeds influences postprandial lipemia in healthy human subjects","volume":"88","author":"Berry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00758E","article-title":"The role of plant cell wall encapsulation and porosity in regulating lipolysis during the digestion of almond seeds","volume":"7","author":"Grundy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreca, D., Nabavi, S.M., Sureda, A., Rasekhian, M., Raciti, R., Silva, A.S., Annunziata, G., Arnone, A., Tenore, G.C., and S\u00fcntar, \u0130. (2020). Almonds (Prunus Dulcis Mill. D. A. Webb): A Source of Nutrients and Health-Promoting Compounds. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030672"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.10.004","article-title":"Matrix assisted laser desorption\/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) for direct visualization of plant metabolites in situ","volume":"37","author":"Sturtevant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4401","article-title":"Matrix vapor deposition\/recrystallization and dedicated spray preparation for high-resolution scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (SMALDI-MS) of tissue and single cells","volume":"24","author":"Bouschen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rap. Comm. Mass Spec."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2010.03.014","article-title":"Laser spot size and laser power dependence of ion formation in high resolution MALDI imaging","volume":"294","author":"Guenther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spec."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.008","article-title":"Enhancing the recovery of oilseed rape seed oil bodies (oleosomes) using bicarbonate-based soaking and grinding media","volume":"241","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01788F","article-title":"Insight into the gastro-duodenal digestion resistance of soybean proteins and potential implications for residual immunogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Pilolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, E., Bavaro, S.L., Forte, G., Pilolli, G., and Monaci, L. (2018). Heat and Pressure Treatments on Almond Protein Stability and Change in Immunoreactivity after Simulated Human Digestion. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0576.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.04.021","article-title":"Effect of thermal\/pressure processing and simulated human digestion on the immunoreactivity of extractable peanut allergens","volume":"109","author":"Bavaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.06.092","article-title":"Multi-allergen detection in food by micro high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a dual cell linear ion trap mass spectrometry","volume":"1358","author":"Monaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromat. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.10.110","article-title":"Streamlining the analytical workflow for multiplex MS\/MS allergen detection in processed foods","volume":"221","author":"Pilolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-9-44","article-title":"Formation and stability of oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing rice bran oil: In vitro and in vivo assessments","volume":"9","author":"Bernardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7739","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4016448","article-title":"Lipidomic fingerprint of almonds (Prunus dulcis L. cv Nonpareil) using TiO\u2082 nanoparticle based matrix solid-phase dispersion and MALDI-TOF\/MS and its potential in geographical origin verification","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"ISO (2017). International Standard ISO 22412:2017. Particle Size Analysis-Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7604","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the prebiotic effect of raw and roasted almonds (Prunus amygdalus)","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollingworth, S., Dalton, M., Blundell, J., and Finlayson, G. (2019). Evaluation of the Influence of Raw Almonds on Appetite Control: Satiation, Satiety, Hedonics and Consumer Perceptions. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092030"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020012z","article-title":"Effects of 478 roasting, blanching, autoclaving, and microwave heating on antigenicity of almond 479 (Prunus dulcis L.) proteins","volume":"50","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3397\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:37Z","timestamp":1760178577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12113397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113397","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}