{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:23:15Z","timestamp":1760239395971,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of early life protein source (whey vs. casein) on short- and long-term glucose homeostasis and adiposity is unknown and was investigated in this study. At the end of the suckling period, non-IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction) and IUGR pups were separated from dams and were randomized into four groups. From age 21\u201349 days, non-IUGR and IUGR pups were fed ad-libitum chow or a semi-synthetic diet (20% from protein; casein or whey) and from age 50\u2013199 days, all groups were fed ad-libitum chow. Food intake, body composition, glucose, and insulin homeostasis were assessed. Among the chow groups, IUGR had slower growth and higher fasting glucose at age 42 days, as well as higher fasting and AUC glucose at age 192 days relative to non-IUGR. The whey IUGR group had a slower growth rate and higher fasting glycemia in early life (age 21\u201349 days) and higher HOMA-IR later in life (age 120\u2013122 and 190\u2013192 days) relative to casein IUGR. This study shows the potential advantage of casein relative to whey during weaning on short term energy intake, growth, and glucose homeostasis in an IUGR model and reveals, for the first time, its long term impact on insulin sensitivity, which may have implications for later metabolic health, particularly in small-for-gestational-age populations at risk of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"3399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whey Versus Casein as a Protein Source during the Weaning Period: Impact on Growth and Later Adiposity and Glucose Homeostasis in a Rat Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Shahkhalili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Blancher-Budin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6907-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathriona","family":"Monnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sanchez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Mac\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91224-A","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life","volume":"341","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044160","article-title":"Trajectories of Growth among Children Who Have Coronary Events as Adults","volume":"353","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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