{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:34:51Z","timestamp":1787164491530,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSc in Health and Environmental Factors, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","award":["97509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97509"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patient adherence to guidelines is important for improved outcomes and prognosis. Nevertheless, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not comply with the recommendations regarding medication, physical activity, diet or self-care. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of adherence to the dietary recommendations issued by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) among patients with T2DM in Komotini, Greece. A total of 162 adults with T2DM (64.7 \u00b1 10.6 years old), of which 41.4% were men, were recruited from the Sismanoglio Hospital and participated in the study. The level of adherence to individual recommendations issued by the ADA was assessed using yes\/no questions. The overall adherence rate to the guidelines was low (41.2%). According to the multivariable analysis, age and medication therapy were identified as contributors to the compliance rate. No differences were noted in the total compliance rate between patients of different religious denominations (Muslims\/Christians). Patients on oral antidiabetic agents (OAA) were more adherent compared with those on insulin therapy. A mere 3.7% of the participants had received nutrition education by a registered dietitian, 9.9% were following an individualized diet plan to improve glycemia, and 3.1% had set specific energy goals to reduce body weight. These findings are indicative of the need for the delivery of improved nutrition education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1605524660000},"page":"3516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Low Reported Adherence to the 2019 American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Indicating the Need for Improved Nutrition Education and Diet Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Savvas","family":"Katsaridis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences &amp; Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alexander Campus, International Hellenic University, Sindos, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Grammatikopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences &amp; Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alexander Campus, International Hellenic University, Sindos, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, GR-56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6407-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gkiouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Tzimos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Greece Statistics Directorate, Hellenic Statistical Authority, 218 Delfon Str, GR-54646 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos T.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-3015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia G.","family":"Markaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, PO Box 8556, Trypitos, GR-72300 Sitia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triada","family":"Exiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanoglio General Hospital, 45 Sismanogliou Str, GR-69133 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, GR-56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Papamitsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsirona, S., Katsaros, F., Alexandra, A., Polyzos, S., Arapoglou, G., and Koukoulis, G. (2016). Prevalence and determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Greek adult population. Hormones.","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1662"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01731.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Greek adults: The ATTICA study","volume":"22","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/13.1.18","article-title":"Measuring the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Greek primary health care district","volume":"13","author":"Lionis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschou, S.A., Ljlijana, M.V., Spartalis, E., Anagnostis, P., Alexandrou, A., Goulis, D.G., and Lambrinoudaki, I. (2019). Therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus in women after menopause. Maturitas, 126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.05.003"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2098","article-title":"Determinants of adherence to diabetes medications: Findings from a large pharmacy claims database","volume":"38","author":"Kirkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1218","article-title":"A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Cramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2009.00989.x","article-title":"New prescription medication gaps: A comprehensive measure of adherence to new prescriptions","volume":"44","author":"Karter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1184","article-title":"Barriers to insulin initiation: The translating research into action for diabetes insulin starts project","volume":"33","author":"Karter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-013-0034-y","article-title":"Adherence to therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14190","article-title":"A systematic review of adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries","volume":"75","author":"Mogre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adherence of Patients with Diabetes to a Lifestyle Advice and Management Plan in Basra, Southern Iraq","volume":"25","author":"Aladhab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.01.132","article-title":"Adherence to the therapeutic regime in person with type 2 diabetes","volume":"171","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0129-0","article-title":"Exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Praet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, M.A., and Sharew, N.T. (2019). Adherence to dietary recommendation and associated factors among diabetic patients in Ethiopian teaching hospitals. Pan Afr. Med. J., 33.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.33.260.14463"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190708192134","article-title":"Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Microvascular Complications in Patients with Diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Katsiki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2010.02544.x","article-title":"Patient adherence to medication requirements for therapy of type 2 diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050100","article-title":"Adherence to medication","volume":"353","author":"Osterberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sabat\u00e9, E. (2003). Adherence to Long-Term Therapy: Evidence for Action, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0014","article-title":"Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report","volume":"42","author":"Evert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 894, 1\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkler, D., Plischke, M., Leffondr\u00e9, K., and Heinze, G. (2014). Augmented Backward Elimination: A Pragmatic and Purposeful Way to Develop Statistical Models. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113677"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.11.016","article-title":"The Effectiveness and Cost of Lifestyle Interventions Including Nutrition Education for Diabetes Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"117","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2016.04.008","article-title":"Diabetes knowledge among Greek Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients","volume":"63","author":"Poulimeneas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2015.12.005","article-title":"Disease-specific knowledge and lifestyle behavior in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Digkliou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2017.01.005","article-title":"Nutritional surveillance and diabetes knowledge among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Grammatikopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, C., Almeida, A., Cabral, M., Ramos, E., and Mendes, R. (2019). The Impact of a Community-Based Food Education Program on Nutrition-Related Knowledge in Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16132403"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thuita, A.W., Kiage, B.N., Onyango, A.N., and Makokha, A.O. (2020). Effect of a nutrition education programme on the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a level 5 Hospital in Kenya: \u201cA randomized controlled trial\u201d. BMC Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-020-00355-6"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"72","article-title":"Contribution of Medical Nutrition Therapy and Diabetes Self-Management Education to Diabetes Control as Assessed by Hemoglobin A1c","volume":"13","author":"Christensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.049","article-title":"A Low-Fat Vegan Diet Elicits Greater Macronutrient Changes, but Is Comparable in Adherence and Acceptability, Compared with a More Conventional Diabetes Diet among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Barnard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2010105820901742","article-title":"Diabetes-related nutrition knowledge and dietary adherence in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A mixed-methods exploratory study","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Singapore Healthc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0462","article-title":"Diet Behavior Change Techniques in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Cradock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.139626","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition therapy compared with dietary advice in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30171-8","article-title":"Nutrition in medical education: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Crowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grammatikopoulou, M.G., Katsouda, A., Lekka, K., Tsantekidis, K., Bouras, E., Kasapidou, E., Poulia, K.-A., and Chourdakis, M. (2018). Is continuing medical education sufficient? Assessing the clinical nutrition knowledge of medical doctors. Nutrition.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.05.013"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.06.361","article-title":"Medical Nutrition Therapy and Weight Loss Questions for the Evidence Analysis Library Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Project: Systematic Reviews","volume":"117","author":"Raynor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Early, K.B., and Stanley, K. (2018). Position Paper Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The Role of Medical Nutrition Therapy and Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in the Prevention and Treatment of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.11.021"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00105-4","article-title":"The estimated costs and savings of medical nutrition therapy: The Medicare population","volume":"99","author":"Sheils","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.3.608","article-title":"The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management","volume":"25","author":"Pastors","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.T., Karter, A.J., Warton, E.M., Doan, J.U., and Weisner, C.M. (2008). The relationship between alcohol consumption and glycemic control among patients with diabetes: The Kaiser Permanente Northern California diabetes registry. J. Gen. Intern. Med.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0502-z"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner, J.L., Crowell, K.T., and Lang, C.H. (2015). Impact of Alcohol on Glycemic Control and Insulin Action. Biomolecules, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5042223"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(74)90069-9","article-title":"Evaluation of ethanol hypoglycemia in man: Turnover studies with C-6 14C glucose","volume":"23","author":"Searle","year":"1974","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104738","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced hypoglycemia","volume":"42","author":"Field","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12343","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences for suppression of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal and cardiac muscle by ethanol","volume":"38","author":"Lang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.05.001","article-title":"Alcohol and type 2 diabetes. A review","volume":"20","author":"Pietraszek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-0117-6","article-title":"Use and abuse of dietary supplements in persons with diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Hannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.28.1.35","article-title":"Diabetes and Dietary Supplements","volume":"28","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.14.1.13","article-title":"Cultural Barriers to Care: Inverting the Problem","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03701.x","article-title":"The impact of culturally competent diabetes care interventions for improving diabetes-related outcomes in ethnic minority groups: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Zeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2017). 1. Promoting Health and Reducing Disparities in Populations. Diabetes Care, 40, S6\u2013S10.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S004"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3894","article-title":"Adherence to Medication, Physical Activity and Diet in Older Adults With Diabetes: Its Association With Cognition, Anxiety and Depression","volume":"11","author":"Mendes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8970196","article-title":"Treatment Adherence and Its Associated Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Rio de Janeiro Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Study","volume":"2018","author":"Marinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"264","article-title":"Diabetes Management Factors associated with adherence to diet and exercise among type 2 diabetes patients in Hodeidah city, Yemen","volume":"7","author":"Alhariri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000761","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000761","article-title":"Effect of medication adherence on clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Analysis of the SIMPLE study","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2018.06.003","article-title":"Medication Adherence and Diabetes Self-Care Activities Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Jannoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/014572179502100605","article-title":"Gender differences in diabetes attitudes and adherence","volume":"21","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000429","article-title":"Medication adherence and glycemic control among newly diagnosed diabetes patients","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.04.006","article-title":"Adherence to Diabetes Dietary Guidelines Assessed Using a Validated Questionnaire Predicts Glucose Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillani, A.H., Ahmed, A.B., Bashir, S., Ibrahim, M.I.M., and Fang, Y. (2019). Associated Factors with Diet and Exercise Compliance and Smoking Habits in Diabetic Patients of Punjab, Pakistan. Rev. Med. Univ., 20.","DOI":"10.24875\/RMU.M18000003"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, M., Masulli, M., Calabrese, I., Rivellese, A.A., Bonora, E., Signorini, S., Perriello, G., Squatrito, S., Buzzetti, R., and Sartore, G. (2018). Impact of a mediterranean dietary pattern and its components on cardiovascular risk factors, glucose control, and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes: A real-life study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081067"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thewjitcharoen, Y., Chotwanvirat, P., Jantawan, A., Siwasaranond, N., Saetung, S., Nimitphong, H., Himathongkam, T., and Reutrakul, S. (2018). Evaluation of dietary intakes and nutritional knowledge in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Res., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9152910"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.530682","article-title":"Energy and nutrient intakes and adherence to dietary guidelines among Finnish adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Ahola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krige, S.M., Booley, S., Levitt, N.S., Chivese, T., Murphy, K., and Harbron, J. (2018). Dietary Intake and Beliefs of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes in Cape Town, South Africa. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091183"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8verby, N.C., Margeirsdottir, H.D., Brunborg, C., Andersen, L.F., and Dahl-J\u00f8rgensen, K. (2007). The influence of dietary intake and meal pattern on blood glucose control in children and adolescents using intensive insulin treatment. Diabetologia.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0775-0"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02147-6","article-title":"Improving type 2 diabetes mellitus glycaemic control through lifestyle modification implementing diet intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/13814788.2014.912269","article-title":"Factors that affect readiness to change lifestyle: A 22-country survey from primary care","volume":"21","author":"Bulc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6421265","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6421265","article-title":"Stage of Change and Motivation to a Healthier Lifestyle before and after an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention","volume":"2016","author":"Livia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obes."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3516\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:33:40Z","timestamp":1760178820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12113516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113516","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]}}}