{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:27Z","timestamp":1787029227509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc is an essential trace element for human health and plays a fundamental role in metabolic, immunological and many other biological processes. The effects of zinc are based on the intra- and extracellular regulatory function of the zinc ion (Zn2+) and its interactions with proteins. The regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis takes place via a complex network of metal transporters and buffering systems that react to changes in the availability of zinc in nutrition, chronic diseases, infections and many other processes. Zinc deficiency is associated with impairment of numerous metabolic processes, reduced resistance to infections due to impaired immune functions, changes in skin and its appendages and disorders of wound healing and haemostasis. While ischemic heart attacks (myocardial infarction) occur more frequently with meat-based normal diets, haemorrhagic strokes are more frequently observed with vegetarian\/vegan diets. The causes are discussed as deficiencies of various micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, various amino acids and also zinc. In the present review, after a description of the functions of zinc and its resorption, a discussion of daily food intake will follow, with a special focus on the importance of food composition and preparation for the zinc balance. The close interrelationships between proteins, especially albumin and zinc will be discussed. Finally, the possible causes and consequences of a zinc deficiency on the blood vessels and blood coagulation are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T10:46:26Z","timestamp":1605782786000},"page":"3548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Zinc Deficiency\u2014An Independent Risk Factor in the Pathogenesis of Haemorrhagic Stroke?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kurt","family":"Gr\u00fcngreiff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, City Hospital Magdeburg GmbH, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gottstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, City Hospital Magdeburg GmbH, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Reinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"I14897","article-title":"Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke, in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years follow-up: Results from the prospetive EPIC-Oxford study","volume":"366","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukada, T., and Kambe, T. (2019). Regulation of cellular zinc ions and their signaling functions. Zinc Signaling, Springer Nature. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0557-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.006","article-title":"The redox biology of redox-inert zinc ions","volume":"134","author":"Maret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rink, L. (2011). Zinc and Liver. Zinc in Human Health, IOS Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005744","article-title":"Zinc: An essential but elusive nutrient","volume":"94","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-07-0465","article-title":"Zinc: An important co-factor in hemostasis and thrombosis","volume":"109","author":"Vu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.-H., Sermersheim, M., Li, H., Lee, P.H.U., Steinberg, S.M., and Ma, J. (2017). Zinc in wound healing modulation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010016"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mammadova-Bach, E., and Braun, A. (2019). Zinc homeostasis in platelet-related diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215258"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy190","article-title":"Yet again, serum zinc concentrations are unrelated to zinc intakes","volume":"148","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MT00177H","article-title":"A metalloproteomic analysis of interactions between plasma proteins and zinc: Elevated fatty levels affect zinc distribution","volume":"11","author":"Coverdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2019.06.010","article-title":"Nutrient zinc at the host-pathogen interface","volume":"44","author":"Lonergan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.4.689","article-title":"Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: Correlation with blood ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans","volume":"41","author":"Markowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001660202","article-title":"Circadian variation in the urinary excretion of electrolytes and trace elements in men","volume":"166","author":"Kanabrocki","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"55","article-title":"Post-prandial and daily changes in plasma zinc","volume":"3","author":"Hambidge","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Elektrolytes Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy105","article-title":"Serum zinc concentrations in the US population are related to sex, age, and time of blood draw but not dietary or supplemental zinc","volume":"148","author":"Henningar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1001-9336","article-title":"Zinkmangel im Fokus: Ursachen, Symptome, Diagnose und Therapie","volume":"68","author":"Kisters","year":"2019","journal-title":"EHK"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-006-0150-5","article-title":"Zinc-buffering capacity of eukaryotic cells at physiological Zn","volume":"11","author":"Krezel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012932712483","article-title":"Cellular zinc sensors: MTF-1 regulation of gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108240","article-title":"Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: Possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D","volume":"77","author":"Wessels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rink, L. (2011). Zinc transporters. Zinc in Human Health, IOS Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.44.711","article-title":"\u00df-Naphthoflavone, an exogenous ligand of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, disrupts zinc homeostasis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells","volume":"44","author":"Ishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.220079","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-Zinc review","volume":"146","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674I","article-title":"Zinc bioavailability and homeostasis","volume":"91","author":"Hamibdge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcngreiff, K., and Reinhold, D. (2007). Zink: Bedeutung in der \u00c4rztlichen Praxis, J\u00fcrgen Hartmann Verlag. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1378S","article-title":"Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption","volume":"130","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2006.01.006","article-title":"Zinc requirements and risks and benefits of zinc supplementation","volume":"20","author":"Maret","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Maret, W. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"17","article-title":"Zinc in vegetarian diets","volume":"199","author":"Saunders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19940010","article-title":"Zinc nutrition in developing countries","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hahn, A., Str\u00f6hle, A., and Wolters, M. (2016). Ern\u00e4hrung: Physiologische Grundlagen, Pr\u00e4vention, Therapie, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00706F","article-title":"Prospects of enhancing dietary zinc bioavailability with food-derived zinc-chelating peptides","volume":"7","author":"Udechukuwu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.020","article-title":"A short 18 items food frequeny questionaire biochemically validated to estimate zinc statur in human","volume":"49","author":"Trame","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.633S","article-title":"Biovailabilty of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets","volume":"78","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.5.1071","article-title":"A stable isotope study of zinc absorption in young men: Effects of phytate and \u03b1-cellulose","volume":"40","author":"Turnlund","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.3.621","article-title":"High- versus low-meat diets: Effects on zinc absorption, iron status, and calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc balance in postmenopausal women","volume":"62","author":"Hunt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1570","article-title":"Zinc absorption as a function of the dose of zinc sulfate in aequeous solution","volume":"80","author":"Tran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"32","article-title":"Diverticular disease risk reduced with a plant-based diet","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Res. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.4.885","article-title":"Trace element status in healthy subjects switching from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet for 12 months","volume":"55","author":"Skrikumar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1996). Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health, WHO. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508006818","article-title":"Indicators of zinc status at the population level: A review of the evidence","volume":"99","author":"Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0734-5593","article-title":"Zink in der Pathogenese chronischer Lebererkrankungen","volume":"56","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcngreiff, K. (2013). Zinc and the Liver, Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1963.03620280007003","article-title":"Biochemical studies of dwarfism, hypogonadism and anemia","volume":"111","author":"Prasad","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2220","article-title":"Trace elements and hemoglobin metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Garnica","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000158","article-title":"A high prevalence of zinc- but not iron-deficiency among women in rural Malawi: A cross-sectional study","volume":"83","author":"Siyame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"500","article-title":"Protein kinases and phosphatases are involved in erythropoetin-mediated signal transduction","volume":"20","author":"Spivak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Expt. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"143","article-title":"Selective removal of zinc from cell media","volume":"7","author":"Clair","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"711","article-title":"Antiatherogenic properties of zinc: Implications in endothelial cell metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Hennig","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.6.1242","article-title":"Zinc deficiency alters barrier function of cultured porcine endothelial cells","volume":"122","author":"Hennig","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"535","article-title":"Zinc protects against linoleic acid-induced disruption of endothelial barrier function in culture","volume":"9","author":"Hennig","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1997.10718706","article-title":"Zinc attenuates tumor necrosis factor-mediated activation of transcription factors in endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Connell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290094","article-title":"Molecular signal transduction in vascular cell apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Geng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031072","article-title":"Is zinc deficiency a risk factor for atherosclerosis?","volume":"91","author":"Beattie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.07.004","article-title":"Zinc deficiency exacerbates pressure ulcers by increasing oxidative stress and ATP in the skin","volume":"95","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-013-9621-0","article-title":"Serum levels of trace elements and heavy metals in patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"247","author":"Karadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2010.32.6.1487084","article-title":"Depletion of serum zinc in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"32","author":"Munshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027003","article-title":"Baseline plasma zinc and risk of first stroke in hypertensive patients. A nested case-control study","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0497-8","article-title":"Zinc supplementation improves body weight management, inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in individuals with obesity: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"11","author":"Khorsadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, L. (2018). Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Diabetes mellitus, and Zinc\/Zinc Transporters: There is a Connection?. Liver Research and Clinical Management, Tech Open Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.70390"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.12.018","article-title":"The interaction of zinc and the blood-brain- barrier under physiological and ischemic conditions","volume":"364","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1629-y","article-title":"Association between cortisol, insulin resistance and zinc in obesity: A Mini-review","volume":"191","author":"Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00646.2007","article-title":"Cortisol stimulates the zinc signaling pathway and expression of metallothioneins and Znt1 in rainbow trout gill epithelial cells","volume":"294","author":"Bury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0571-7","article-title":"Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Olechnowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Ferro, F.E.D., de Sousa Lima, V.B., Mello Soares, N.R., Ma Francisato Cozzolino, S., and do Nascimento Marreiro, D. (2011). Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and its relashionship with zinc nutrional status in obese women. Nutr. Hosp., 650\u2013654."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1876-x","article-title":"The association between zinc level and overweight\/obesity: A meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.6.856","article-title":"Prospective study of fat and protein intake and risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in women","volume":"103","author":"Iso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/19.3.175","article-title":"Serum cholesterol response to changes in dietary lipids","volume":"19","author":"Keys","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199008163230703","article-title":"Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects","volume":"323","author":"Mensink","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04310-z","article-title":"Hypozincaemia is associated with severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"162","author":"Arleth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(99)00089-3","article-title":"Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on homocysteine and folate metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000251536.49581.8a","article-title":"Targeting of metallothionein by L-homocysteine: A novel mechanism for disruption of zinc and redox homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Barbato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.10.013","article-title":"Effects of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation on homocysteine levels and related enzyme expression in rats","volume":"30","author":"Jing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3548\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:33Z","timestamp":1760178873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/11\/3548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12113548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]}}}