{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:15:12Z","timestamp":1774361712736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009879","name":"Regione Emilia-Romagna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPOR FESR 2014-2020^ program - Action 1.2.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPOR FESR 2014-2020^ program - Action 1.2.2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reasons behind the increasing prevalence of celiac disease (CD) worldwide are still not fully understood. This study adopted a multilevel approach (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo) to assess the potential of gluten from different wheat varieties in triggering CD. Peptides triggering CD were identified and quantified in mixtures generated from simulated gastrointestinal digestion of wheat varieties (n = 82). Multivariate statistics enabled the discrimination of varieties generating low impact on CD (e.g., Saragolla) and high impact (e.g., Cappelli). Enrolled subjects (n = 46) were: 19 healthy subjects included in the control group; 27 celiac patients enrolled for the in vivo phase. Celiacs were divided into a gluten-free diet group (CD-GFD), and a GFD with Saragolla-based pasta group (CD-Sar). The diet was followed for 3 months. Data were compared between CD-Sar and CD-GFD before and after the experimental diet, demonstrating a limited ability of Saragolla to trigger immunity, although not comparable to a GFD. Ex vivo studies showed that Saragolla and Cappelli activated immune responses, although with great variability among patients. The diverse potential of durum wheat varieties in triggering CD immune response was demonstrated. Saragolla is not indicated for celiacs, yet it has a limited potential to trigger adverse immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"3566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Diverse Potential of Gluten from Different Durum Wheat Varieties in Triggering Celiac Disease: A Multilevel In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Gaiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-tec, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Boukid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 27\/A-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Prandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 27\/A-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Bottarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-tec, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2256-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Barilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of General Pathology, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Dossena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 27\/A-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Marmiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8326-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariolina","family":"Gull\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 27\/A-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"de\u2019Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-tec, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, University of Parma, 27\/A-43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346","article-title":"The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms","volume":"62","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.505931","article-title":"The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: Results of a centralized, international mass screening project","volume":"42","author":"Mustalahti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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