{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:25:16Z","timestamp":1792009516479,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme of carboxylase, catalyzing the carboxylation of several vitamin K dependent proteins. Beyond its well-known effects on blood coagulation, it also exerts relevant effects on bone and the vascular system. In this review, we point out the relevance of an adequate vitamin K intake to obtain sufficient levels of carboxylated (active form) vitamin K dependent proteins (such as Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein) to prevent bone health. Another bone-related action of Vitamin K is being a ligand of the nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR). We also discuss the recommended intake, deficiency, and assessment of vitamin K. Furthermore, we review the few available studies that have as pre-specified outcome bone fractures, indicating that we need more clinical studies to confirm that vitamin K is a potential therapeutic agent for bone fractures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T20:48:12Z","timestamp":1606337292000},"page":"3625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Vitamin K and Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cianciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Brandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Service of Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Nickolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tripepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IFC, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Ospedali Riuniti, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Plebani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Zaninotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Iervasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gallieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences \u2018Luigi Sacco\u2019, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vettor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Aghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gasperoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"M. Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton North 7-221, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00372.x","article-title":"Vitamins and bone health: Beyond calcium and vitamin D","volume":"69","author":"Ahmadieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01041-6","article-title":"State of the art in osteoporosis risk assessment and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. 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