{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:01:31Z","timestamp":1768881691490,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 105628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 105628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK048351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK048351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA CURE\/CTSI Pilot and Feasibility Study","award":["ULTR001881\/DK041301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ULTR001881\/DK041301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"VA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK2CX001717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2CX001717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center","award":["Pilot funds provided for brain scanning"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pilot funds provided for brain scanning"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is best understood as a multifactorial metabolic imbalances disorder. In a cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore sociodemographic and dietary determinants of obesity in relation to brain-gut homeostasis among overweight and obese individuals. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine obesity and its association with sociodemographic and dietary factors. Biological variables examined included the gut microbiome, fecal amino acid metabolites and brain structural volumes. Among 130 participants, there were higher odds of obesity if individuals were Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.56, p = 0.014). Compared to non-Hispanics, Hispanics differed in gut microbial composition (p = 0.046) with lower microbial species richness (Chao1) (p = 0.032) and evenness (Shannon) (p = 0.0029). Fourteen of the twenty fecal amino acids including branch-chain- and aromatic- amino acids were increased among Hispanics (q &lt; 0.05). Brain structural volumes in reward regions were decreased in Hispanics (pallidum, q = 0.036; brainstem, q = 0.011). Correlation patterns suggest complex brain-gut interactions differ by Hispanic ethnicity. In conclusion, Hispanics expressed a unique brain-gut microbial signature, which was associated with obesity despite sociodemographic and dietary differences. Addressing ethnic disparities guided by biologic phenotypes may unlock novel understanding of obesity heterogeneity and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1606731972000},"page":"3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Understanding the Heterogeneity of Obesity and the Relationship to the Brain-Gut Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tony K. W.","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien S.","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Elashoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9540-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet S.","family":"Sinsheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4698-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venu","family":"Lagishetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priten","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"G. 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