{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:36:57Z","timestamp":1791542217741,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health and National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious diseases","award":["R01 AI087803 (EJH), K02 AI101067 (EJH)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI087803 (EJH), K02 AI101067 (EJH)"]}]},{"name":"The German Research Foundation","award":["DFG Schu 646\/17-1 (wheat and ATI), DFG Schu 646\/20-1 (Allergy), DFG Pic\/Schu SPP1656 (Intestinal microbiota)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG Schu 646\/17-1 (wheat and ATI), DFG Schu 646\/20-1 (Allergy), DFG Pic\/Schu SPP1656 (Intestinal microbiota)"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["SAW-2016-DFA-2 (Wheatscan)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAW-2016-DFA-2 (Wheatscan)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease is characterized by a chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the small intestine, triggered by gluten contained in wheat, barley, and rye. Rothia aeria, a gram-positive natural colonizer of the oral cavity and the upper digestive tract is able to degrade and detoxify gluten in vitro. The objective of this study was to assess gluten-degrading activity of live and dead R. aeria bacteria in vitro, and to isolate the R. aeria gluten-degrading enzyme. Methods: After an overnight fast, Balb\/c mouse were fed a 1 g pellet of standard chow containing 50% wheat (and 4% gliadin) with or without 1.6 \u00d7 107 live R. aeria bacteria. After 2 h, in vivo gluten degradation was assessed in gastric contents by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and immunogenic epitope neutralization was assessed with the R5 gliadin ELISA assay. R. aeria enzyme isolation and identification was accomplished by separating proteins in the bacterial cell homogenate by C18 chromatography followed by gliadin zymography and mass spectrometric analysis of excised bands. Results: In mice fed with R. aeria, gliadins and immunogenic epitopes were reduced by 20% and 33%, respectively, as compared to gluten digested in control mice. Killing of R. aeria bacteria in ethanol did not abolish enzyme activity associated with the bacteria. The gluten degrading enzyme was identified as BAV86562.1, here identified as a member of the subtilisin family. Conclusion: This study shows the potential of R. aeria to be used as a first probiotic for gluten digestion in vivo, either as live or dead bacteria, or, alternatively, for using the purified R. aeria enzyme, to benefit the gluten-intolerant patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T20:25:49Z","timestamp":1606940749000},"page":"3724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Commensal Bacterium Rothia aeria Degrades and Detoxifies Gluten via a Highly Effective Subtilisin Enzyme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoxian","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 20118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 20118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank G.","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 20118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Schuppan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 5513 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva J.","family":"Helmerhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 20118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.008","article-title":"Celiac disease: From pathogenesis to novel therapies","volume":"137","author":"Schuppan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Clinical practice. Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmerhorst, E.J., Zamakhchari, M., Schuppan, D., and Oppenheim, F.G. (2010). Discovery of a novel and rich source of gluten-degrading microbial enzymes in the oral cavity. 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