{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:48Z","timestamp":1760985948486,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mixed lipid emulsions (LE) containing fish oil present several advantages compared to the sole soybean oil LE, but little is known about the safety of essential fatty acids (EFA) profile in paediatric patients on long-term Parenteral Nutrition (PN). Aim of the study: to assess glycerophosfolipid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels on plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane of children on long term PN with composite LE containing fish oil (SMOF), and to compare it with a group receiving olive oil LE (Clinoleic\u00ae) and to the reference range for age, previously determined on a group of healthy children. Results: A total of 38 patients were enrolled, median age 5.56 (0.9\u201321.86) years, 15 receiving Clinoleic\u00ae, 23 receiving SMOF. Patients on SMOF showed significantly higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and Mead acid (MEAD)\/ARA ratio in plasma and RBC compared with patients on Clinoleic\u00ae and with healthy children. Triene:tetraene (T:T) ratio of both groups of patients did not differ from that of healthy children-median plasma (MEAD\/ARA: 0.01, interquartile rage (IQR) 0.01, p = 0.61 and 0.02, IQR 0.02, p = 0.6 in SMOF and Clinoleic\u00ae patients, respectively), and was considerably lower than Holman index (&gt;0.21). SMOF patients showed no statistically significant differences in growth parameters compared with Clinoleic\u00ae patients. Patients of both groups showed stiffness class F0-F1 of liver stiffness measure (LSM) 5.6 (IQR 0.85) in SMOF patients and 5.3 (IQR 0.90) in Clinoleic\u00ae patients, p = 0.58), indicating absence of liver fibrosis. Conclusions: Fatty acids, measured as concentrations (mg\/L), revealed specific PUFA profile of PN patients and could be an accurate method to evaluate nutritional status and eventually to detect essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). SMOF patients showed significantly higher EPA, DHA and lower ARA concentrations compared to Clinoleic\u00ae patients. Both LEs showed similar hepatic evolution and growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1607293632000},"page":"3748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Plasma and Red Blood Cell PUFAs in Home Parenteral Nutrition Paediatric Patients\u2014Effects of Lipid Emulsions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Lezo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital Regina Margherita, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Puccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry \u201cBaldi e Riberi\u201d, Metabolic Diseases Unit, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Capriati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Nutrition Division, Ospedale Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Department, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Massarenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry \u201cBaldi e Riberi\u201d, Metabolic Diseases Unit, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Gandullia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Derevlean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry \u201cBaldi e Riberi\u201d, Metabolic Diseases Unit, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Microcythemia Center, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Diamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Nutrition Division, Ospedale Bambino Ges\u00f9, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.002","article-title":"Causes and Management of Intestinal Failure in Children","volume":"130","author":"Goulet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e32832ac06f","article-title":"Some new insights in intestinal failure-associated liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Goulet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. 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