{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:31:38Z","timestamp":1785540698808,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz (Acanthaceae) (Rn) is an herbaceous shrub native to Thailand and much of South and Southeast Asia. It has several synonyms and local or common names. The root of Rn is used in Thai traditional medicine to treat snake bites, and the roots and\/or leaves can be made into a balm and applied to the skin for the treatment of skin infections such as ringworm, or they may be brewed to form an infusion for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Rn leaves are available to the public for purchase in the form of \u201ctea bags\u201d as a natural herbal remedy for a long list of disorders, including diabetes, skin diseases (antifungal, ringworm, eczema, scurf, herpes), gastritis, raised blood pressure, improved blood circulation, early-stage tuberculosis antitumor activity, and as an antipyretic. There have been many studies investigating the roles of Rn or compounds isolated from the herb regarding diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s and other neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes and infection with bacteria, fungi or viruses. There have, however, been no clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of Rn in the treatment of any of these disorders, and the safety of these teas over long periods of consumption has never been tested. This review assesses the recent research into the role of Rn and its constituent compounds in a range of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1607505478000},"page":"3776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Rhinacanthus nasutus \u201cTea\u201d Infusions and the Medicinal Benefits of the Constituent Phytochemicals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2074-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Michael","family":"Brimson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mani Iyer","family":"Prasanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dicson Sheeja","family":"Malar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirikalaya","family":"Brimson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4177-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tewin","family":"Tencomnao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"The study on morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Rhinacanthus nasutus. (L) kurz (A review)","volume":"1","author":"Bukke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Therapeutic usages of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L) kurz (aniththa) in Sri Lankan traditional medicine","volume":"3","author":"Devanarayana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Unique J. Ayurvedic Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Quattrocchi, U. (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"323","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and stability of rhinacanthins-rich Rhinacanthus nasutus extract","volume":"17","author":"Puttarak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"114","article-title":"Efficacy of the Rhinacanthus nasutus Nees leaf extract on dermatophytes with special reference to Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. Mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis","volume":"7","author":"Darah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0418.1999.00373.x","article-title":"Efficacy of two tropical plant extracts for the control of mosquitoes","volume":"123","author":"Pushpalatha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1412","article-title":"Screening for larvicidal activity in some Thai plants against four mosquito vector species","volume":"36","author":"Komalamisra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"265","article-title":"Formulation of tablets from the crude extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Thai local plant) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae: A preliminary study","volume":"37","author":"Rongsriyam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"310","article-title":"Anti diabetic effect of Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"1","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Libyan Agric. Res. Center J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(12)60071-1","article-title":"Rhinacanthus nasutus\u2014Its protective role in oxidative stress and antioxidant status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"367","article-title":"New biological activity of Rhinacanthus nasutus extracts","volume":"25","author":"Horii","year":"2011","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"326","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of three herbal extracts on aflatoxin B1-intoxicated rat liver","volume":"51","author":"Shyamal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6322","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086322","article-title":"Rhinacanthus nasutus protects cultured neuronal cells against hypoxia induced cell death","volume":"16","author":"Brimson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13045074","article-title":"Rhinacanthus nasutus Extracts Prevent Glutamate and Amyloid-\u03b2 Neurotoxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Cells: Possible Active Compounds Include Lupeol, Stigmasterol and \u03b2-Sitosterol","volume":"13","author":"Brimson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, October 01). The Plant List. Available online: http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1021\/np50092a018","article-title":"Isolation and identification of an antifungal naphthopyran derivative from Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"56","author":"Kodama","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.46.413","article-title":"Naphthoquinone esters from the root of Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(98)00425-7","article-title":"Rhinacanthin-Q, a naphthoquinone from Rhinacanthus nasutus and its biological activity","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"543","article-title":"Sigma compounds derived from phencyclidine: Identification of PRE-084, a new, selective sigma ligand","volume":"259","author":"Su","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.11.011","article-title":"Naphthoquinones from the leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus having acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities","volume":"124","author":"Boonyaketgoson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12812","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12812","article-title":"Rhinacanthins-rich extract and rhinacanthin C ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1021\/np9601871","article-title":"Two new naphthoquinones with antiviral activity from Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"59","author":"Sendl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1021\/np960613i","article-title":"Two new lignans with activity against influenza virus from the medicinal plant Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"60","author":"Kernan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1452004","article-title":"A new naphthoquinone analogue and antiviral constituents from the root of Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"33","author":"Ngoc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1365067","article-title":"Neuraminidase inhibitory activity by compounds isolated from aerial parts of Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"32","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769009053369","article-title":"Pyridine nucleotide changes in hepatocytes exposed to quinones","volume":"8","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(03)00226-8","article-title":"Potent antitumor activity of synthetic 1,2-naphthoquinones and 1,4-naphthoquinones","volume":"11","author":"Kongkathip","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c17-00074","article-title":"A new pyranonaphtoquinone derivative, 4-oxo-rhinacanthin a, from roots of Indonesian Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"65","author":"Maarisit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12076","article-title":"Inhibition against mosquito cytochrome P450 enzymes by rhinacanthin-A, -B, and -C elicits synergism on cypermethrin cytotoxicity in Spodoptera frugiperda cells","volume":"49","author":"Pethuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414297","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5414297","article-title":"Rhinacanthin C Alleviates Amyloid-\u03b2 Fibrils\u2019 Toxicity on Neurons and Attenuates Neuroinflammation Triggered by LPS, Amyloid-\u03b2, and Interferon-\u03b3 in Glial Cells","volume":"2017","author":"Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.08.071","article-title":"Rhinacanthin-C, A Fat-Soluble Extract from Rhinacanthus nasutus, Modulates High-Mobility Group Box 1-Related Neuro-Inflammation and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Apoptosis in a Rat Model","volume":"86","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.12.3605","article-title":"Rhinacanthin-C extracted from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and invasion by decreasing MMP-2, uPA, FAK and MAPK pathways","volume":"19","author":"Boueroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030323g","article-title":"Synthesis of novel rhinacanthins and related anticancer naphthoquinone esters","volume":"47","author":"Kongkathip","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2070","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by three naphthoquinone esters isolated from Thai medicinal plant: Rhinacanthus nasutus KURZ","volume":"29","author":"Siripong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00244","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of liposomal rhinacanthin-N isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus on pulmonary metastasis in mice","volume":"35","author":"Siripong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2279","article-title":"Antitumor activity of liposomal naphthoquinone esters isolated from Thai medicinal plant: Rhinacanthus nasutus KURZ","volume":"29","author":"Siripong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3629","article-title":"Dibenzylbutane- and butyrolactone-type lignans as apoptosis inducers in human hepatoma HuH-7 cells","volume":"26","author":"Mansoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1240892","article-title":"Phenolic compounds as selective antineoplasic agents against multidrug-resistant human cancer cells","volume":"76","author":"Duarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.32.1251","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by rhinacanthone isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus roots in human cervical carcinoma cells","volume":"32","author":"Siripong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.23.1438","article-title":"Antitumour activity of rhinacanthone against Dalton\u2019s ascitic lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Thirumurugan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Prince, M.J., Prina, M., and Guerchet, M. (2013). World Alzheimer Report 2013\u2014Journey of Caring: An Analysis of Long-Term Care for Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.11.001","article-title":"Regenerative medicine in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"163","author":"Felsenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28472","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.133520","article-title":"Curcumin decreases amyloid-\u03b2 peptide levels by attenuating the maturation of amyloid-\u03b2 precursor protein","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2018-4712-10","article-title":"Mucuna pruriens seed extract promotes neurite outgrowth via ten-4 dependent and independent mechanisms in Neuro2a cells","volume":"47","author":"Wansawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.10.001","article-title":"Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"10","author":"Brimson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-013-9324-2","article-title":"Medicinal herbs and antioxidants: Potential of Rhinacanthus nasutus for disease treatment?","volume":"13","author":"Brimson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brimson, J.M., and Tencomnao, T. (2015). Rhinacanthus nasutus Extract as a Neuroprotectant, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411462-3.00009-6"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"81","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenolic Contents of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. and Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.)","volume":"4","author":"Maheshu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR12.800","article-title":"Anti-oxidant properties and anti-hemolytic activity of Psidium guajava, Pandanous odorus and Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"7","author":"Chonthida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_196_17","article-title":"Superoxide scavenging and antiglycation activity of rhinacanthins-rich extract obtained from the leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70065-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Hirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.006","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS","volume":"262","author":"Ellwardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0329-3","article-title":"Protective and Toxic Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Hooten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.06.003","article-title":"A thirty-year quest for a role of R-Ras in cancer: From an oncogene to a multitasking GTPase","volume":"403","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.04.001","article-title":"EGFR and NF-\u03baB: Partners in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Shostak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2006.07.014","article-title":"The c-Myc target gene network","volume":"16","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1905840","article-title":"p53 mutations in human cancers","volume":"253","author":"Hollstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"166","article-title":"Antiproliferative naphthoquinone esters from Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. roots on various cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Siripong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3923\/jpt.2011.589.595","article-title":"Hypolipidemic properties of Rhinacanthus nasutus in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.154","article-title":"\u03b1-Glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Lucassen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.07.021","article-title":"\u03b1-Glucosidase inhibitory effect of rhinacanthins-rich extract from Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf and synergistic effect in combination with acarbose","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"S817","article-title":"Rhinacanthins-rich extract enhances glucose uptake and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes","volume":"13","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.09.004","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts\u2014Role in pathology of diabetic complications","volume":"67","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2014.18.1.1","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0897-8","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of herbal medicines and their trapping abilities against methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products","volume":"15","author":"Sompong","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13B","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00032-0","article-title":"Atherogenicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins","volume":"81","author":"Krauss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108702","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of rhinacanthins-rich extract from Rhinacanthus nasutus leaves in nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"113","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"486047","article-title":"Rhinacanthus nasutus Ameliorates Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Enzyme Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"2013","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.12.028","article-title":"Rhinacanthin C ameliorates hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia and pancreatic destruction in streptozotocin\u2013nicotinamide induced adult male diabetic rats","volume":"771","author":"Adam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100112","article-title":"Post-translational regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in (pre) neoplastic lesions in rat liver","volume":"51","author":"Frederiks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.9.5460","article-title":"Stimulation of pancreatic islet metabolism and insulin release by a nonmetabolizable amino acid","volume":"78","author":"Sener","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3577-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase is involved in stimulus-secretion coupling and endogenous ROS formation in murine beta cells","volume":"58","author":"Edalat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200215318","article-title":"Glucose-induced \u03b2 cell production of IL-1\u03b2 contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets","volume":"110","author":"Maedler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35279","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706762200","article-title":"A subpopulation of macrophages infiltrates hypertrophic adipose tissue and is activated by free fatty acids via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and JNK-dependent pathways","volume":"282","author":"Nguyen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2279","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Vandanmagsar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.10.004","article-title":"Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf improves metabolic abnormalities in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"6","author":"Wannasiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81654-2","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3: An essential regulator of adipogenesis and modulator of fat cell function","volume":"99","author":"Bradford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2119\/2005-00029.Saltiel","article-title":"Insulin signaling and the regulation of glucose transport","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41245","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103241200","article-title":"The mechanisms by which both heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) deficiency and PPAR\u03b3 agonist improve insulin resistance","volume":"276","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3923\/jbs.2004.498.500","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of a local plant Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.)","volume":"4","author":"Sattar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"15","article-title":"Antibacterial potential of Rhinacanthus nasutus against clinically isolated bacteria from Thai cancer patients","volume":"33","author":"Siripong","year":"2006","journal-title":"MU J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Ponglux, D. (1987). Medicinal Plants, Committee. International Congress on Natural Products."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"76","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linn.) Kurz. and Stemona tuberosa (Lour.) extracts on herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Chaliewchalad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"14","article-title":"Anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 activity from Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linn.) Kurz. extracts as affected by different extraction solvents","volume":"18","author":"Thongchuai","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMUJ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020","article-title":"Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/12\/3776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:42:54Z","timestamp":1760179374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/12\/3776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12123776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12123776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]}}}