{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:52:38Z","timestamp":1790689958771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As food addiction is being more commonly recognized within the scientific community, parallels can be drawn between it and other addictive substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder. Given that both unhealthy diets and smoking are leading risk factors for disability and death, a greater understanding of how food addiction and tobacco use disorder overlap with one another is necessary. This narrative review aimed to highlight literature that investigated prevalence, biology, psychology, and treatment options of food addiction and tobacco use disorder. Published studies up to August 2020 and written in English were included. Using a biopsychosocial lens, each disorder was assessed together and separately, as there is emerging evidence that the two disorders can develop concurrently or sequentially within individuals. Commonalities include but are not limited to the dopaminergic neurocircuitry, gut microbiota, childhood adversity, and attachment insecurity. In addition, the authors conducted a feasibility study with the purpose of examining the association between food addiction symptoms and tobacco use disorder among individuals seeking tobacco use disorder treatment. To inform future treatment approaches, more research is necessary to identify and understand the overlap between the two disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T21:11:02Z","timestamp":1608066662000},"page":"3834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Food Addiction and Tobacco Use Disorder: Common Liability and Shared Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laurie","family":"Zawertailo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Attwells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne K.","family":"deRuiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thao Lan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Selby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1L8, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.03.107","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity","volume":"5","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6702a1","article-title":"Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults \u2014 United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0563-3","article-title":"Current Considerations Regarding Food Addiction","volume":"17","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1956.17.198","article-title":"The Descriptive Features of Food Addiction. Addictive Eating and Drinking","volume":"17","author":"Randolph","year":"1956","journal-title":"Q. J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6093653","article-title":"Food Addiction in the Light of DSM-5","volume":"6","author":"Meule","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.12.003","article-title":"Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale","volume":"52","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E140","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180137","article-title":"Assessment of the burden of diseases and injuries attributable to risk factors in Canada from 1990 to 2016: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"7","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.009","article-title":"The neurobiological and behavioral overlaps of nicotine and food addiction","volume":"92","author":"Criscitelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2020, September 04). Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS): Summary of Results for 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey\/2017-summary.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2020, September 04). Summary of Results for the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2018\u20132019, Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey\/2018-2019-summary.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.12.009","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: A longitudinal examination of U.S. college students","volume":"67","author":"Spindle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020, September 04). Tobacco-Related Mortality, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkz014","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz014","article-title":"Impact of Tobacco Dependence in Risk Prediction Models for Lung Cancer Diagnoses and Deaths","volume":"3","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(94)90049-3","article-title":"Reliability of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence","volume":"19","author":"Pomerleau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq038","article-title":"The reliability and predictive validity of the Heaviness of Smoking Index and its two components: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country study","volume":"12","author":"Borland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666181108093520","article-title":"Systematic Review of Food Addiction as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Implications for the Food Addiction Construct","volume":"17","author":"Penzenstadler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0021-z","article-title":"Five years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Taking stock and moving forward","volume":"1","author":"Meule","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.08.002","article-title":"The prevalence of food addiction in a large sample of adolescents and its association with addictive substances","volume":"118","author":"Mies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.08.005","article-title":"Assessing the psychometric properties of two food addiction scales","volume":"23","author":"Lemeshow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2016). Supplemental Material for Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychol. Addict. Behav., 30, 113\u2013121.","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000136"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12532","article-title":"Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Burrows","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4552","article-title":"The Prevalence of Food Addiction as Assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Pursey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.02.022","article-title":"Exploration of food addiction in people living with schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Goluza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz, A., Nergiz-Unal, R., Dedebayraktar, D., Akyol, A., Pekcan, A.G., Besler, H.T., and B\u00fcy\u00fcktuncer, Z. (2018). How does food addiction influence dietary intake profile?. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195541"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.10.038","article-title":"Food and beverage consumption and food addiction among women in the Nurses\u2019 Health Studies","volume":"121","author":"Lemeshow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.11.035","article-title":"Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder","volume":"72","author":"Ifland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00851.1997","article-title":"Differential Influence of Associative and Nonassociative Learning Mechanisms on the Responsiveness of Prefrontal and Accumbal Dopamine Transmission to Food Stimuli in Rats FedAd Libitum","volume":"17","author":"Bassareo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90036-7","article-title":"Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis","volume":"42","author":"Hernandez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3823-03.2004","article-title":"Dopamine Operates as a Subsecond Modulator of Food Seeking","volume":"24","author":"Roitman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2013.46.11.207","article-title":"Dopamine signaling in food addiction: Role of dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"46","author":"Baik","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6","article-title":"Brain dopamine and obesity","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300420","article-title":"Cocaine Dependence and D2 Receptor Availability in the Functional Subdivisions of the Striatum: Relationship with Cocaine-Seeking Behavior","volume":"29","author":"Martinez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.044","article-title":"Alcohol Dependence Is Associated with Blunted Dopamine Transmission in the Ventral Striatum","volume":"58","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.08.024","article-title":"Deficits in Dopamine D2 Receptors and Presynaptic Dopamine in Heroin Dependence: Commonalities and Differences with Other Types of Addiction","volume":"71","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07020352","article-title":"Association of Low Striatal Dopamine D2Receptor Availability With Nicotine Dependence Similar to That Seen with Other Drugs of Abuse","volume":"165","author":"Fehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00583-1","article-title":"Differential responsiveness of dopamine transmission to food-stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell\/core compartments","volume":"89","author":"Bassareo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"255","article-title":"Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs","volume":"382","author":"Pontieri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v23n03_04","article-title":"Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: A concept review","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1211","article-title":"Smoking-Induced Ventral Striatum Dopamine Release","volume":"161","author":"Brody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20066","article-title":"The hedonic response to cigarette smoking is proportional to dopamine release in the human striatum as measured by positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride","volume":"54","author":"Barrett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301238","article-title":"Smoking modulation of mu-opioid and dopamine D2 receptor-mediated neurotransmission in humans","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20419","article-title":"The effect of nicotine on striatal dopamine release in man: A [11C]raclopride PET study","volume":"61","author":"Montgomery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"413","article-title":"Enhanced dopamine release by nicotine in cigarette smokers: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.286","article-title":"Imaging Nicotine- and Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Rhesus Monkeys with [11C]PHNO vs [11C]raclopride PET","volume":"39","author":"Gallezot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.209","article-title":"Elevation of Dopamine Induced by Cigarette Smoking: Novel Insights from a [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Study in Humans","volume":"39","author":"Guranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx119","article-title":"Influence of Nicotine Metabolism Ratio on [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Binding in Tobacco Smokers","volume":"21","author":"Tyndale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiuccariello, L., Boileau, I., Guranda, M., Rusjan, P.M., Wilson, A.A., Zawertailo, L., Houle, S., Busto, U., and Le Foll, B. (2013). Presentation of Smoking-Associated Cues Does Not Elicit Dopamine Release after One-Hour Smoking Abstinence: A [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060382"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.69","article-title":"The neurobiology of appetite: Hunger as addiction","volume":"33","author":"Dagher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097816","article-title":"Food Addiction in Humans","volume":"139","author":"Pelchat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.009","article-title":"Food and drug cues activate similar brain regions: A meta-analysis of functional MRI studies","volume":"106","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833ad4d4","article-title":"Neurobiology of food addiction","volume":"13","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1720","article-title":"Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion","volume":"124","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00253-2","article-title":"Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Small","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.8.1009","article-title":"Nicotine-Induced Limbic Cortical Activation in the Human Brain: A Functional MRI Study","volume":"155","author":"Stein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1848-1","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance","volume":"210","author":"Heishman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.6.954","article-title":"Activation in Mesolimbic and Visuospatial Neural Circuits Elicited by Smoking Cues: Evidence from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"159","author":"Due","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.028","article-title":"Ventral Striatum\/Nucleus Accumbens Activation to Smoking-Related Pictorial Cues in Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"58","author":"David","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"113","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Cigarette Smoking","volume":"192","author":"Azizian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone Regul. Osteoporos. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/34413","article-title":"Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine","volume":"391","author":"Picciotto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051135","article-title":"Assessment of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit contributions to nicotine self-administration in mutant mice","volume":"147","author":"Picciotto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00269.2013","article-title":"Nicotinic receptors regulate the dynamic range of dopamine release in vivo","volume":"111","author":"Koranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq040","article-title":"Beta2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate pain sensitivity in acutely abstinent tobacco smokers","volume":"12","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.171","article-title":"Alpha-conotoxin MII-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell regulate progressive ratio responding maintained by nicotine","volume":"35","author":"Brunzell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00951.x","article-title":"Measuring nicotinic receptors with characteristics of alpha4beta2, alpha3beta2 and alpha3beta4 subtypes in rat tissues by autoradiography","volume":"82","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Quantification of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with 123I-5IA SPECT","volume":"45","author":"Mamede","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199612)24:4<403::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Mapping nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with PET","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"1996","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.04.012","article-title":"Functional brain imaging of tobacco use and dependence","volume":"40","author":"Brody","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90629-1","article-title":"Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the limbic system of freely moving rats","volume":"132","author":"Imperato","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00652-9","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of nicotine addiction","volume":"70","author":"Dani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31819a86f7","article-title":"Imaging of brain dopamine pathways: Implications for understanding obesity","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., and Brody, A.L. (2009). In vivo Brain Imaging of Human Exposure to Nicotine and Tobacco. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 145\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_6"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imaging Tobacco Smoking with PET and SPECT","volume":"24","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Neurobiol. Anxiety Treat."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8707","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0546-06.2006","article-title":"Human Tobacco Smokers in Early Abstinence Have Higher Levels of beta2* Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors than Nonsmokers","volume":"26","author":"Staley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"422","article-title":"Reduction in cortical IMP-SPET tracer uptake with recent cigarette consumption in a young group of healthy males. San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center","volume":"24","author":"Rourke","year":"1997","journal-title":"S. Diego HIV Neurobehav. Res. Cent. Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1119-z","article-title":"A study of the acute effect of smoking on cerebral blood flow using 99mTc-ECD SPET","volume":"30","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20611","article-title":"Single photon emission computed tomography experience with (S)-5-[123I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine in the living human brain of smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.024","article-title":"Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction","volume":"144","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.001","article-title":"Addiction, compulsive drug seeking, and the role of frontostriatal mechanisms in regulating inhibitory control","volume":"35","author":"Feil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of smoking history on [3H]nicotine binding in human postmortem brain","volume":"282","author":"Breese","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.907","article-title":"Cigarette smoking saturates brain alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","volume":"63","author":"Brody","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015","article-title":"Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: A review of neuroimaging studies in humans","volume":"84","author":"Jasinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Food Addiction","volume":"68","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112574","article-title":"Food cue reactivity in food addiction: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"208","author":"Schulte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"289","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight","volume":"443","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0341-5","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiome interactions in obesity and food addiction","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104030163","article-title":"Regulation of drug and palatable food overconsumption by similar peptide systems","volume":"4","author":"Morganstern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Yun, Y., Kim, S.J., Lee, E.-J., Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Shin, H., Kim, H.-L., Kim, H.-N., and Lee, J.H. (2018). Association between Cigarette Smoking Status and Composition of Gut Microbiota: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090282"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35455","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35455","article-title":"Alterations of the Host Microbiome Affect Behavioral Responses to Cocaine","volume":"6","author":"Kiraly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep42658","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42658","article-title":"The effect of gut microbiome on tolerance to morphine mediated antinociception in mice","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.347","article-title":"Associations of Cocaine Use and HIV Infection with the Intestinal Microbiota, Microbial Translocation, and Inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx024","article-title":"The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A \u2019Menage a Trois\u2019?","volume":"52","author":"Temko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316679898","article-title":"Gut Homeostasis, Microbial Dysbiosis, and Opioids","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.04.015","article-title":"Alcohol, microbiome, and their effect on psychiatric disorders","volume":"85","author":"Hillemacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14143","article-title":"Neuroimmune mechanisms of psychostimulant and opioid use disorders","volume":"50","author":"Hofford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-5185-8","article-title":"Psychotropics and the Microbiome: A Chamber of Secrets \u2026","volume":"236","author":"Cussotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biedermann, L., Zeitz, J., Mwinyi, J., Sutter-Minder, E., Rehman, A., Ott, S.J., Steurer-Stey, C., Frei, A., Frei, P., and Scharl, M. (2013). Smoking Cessation Induces Profound Changes in the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Humans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059260"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Faculty Opinions recommendation of Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fac. Opin. Post Publ. Peer Rev. Biomed. Lit."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koliada, A., Syzenko, G., Moseiko, V., Budovska, L., Puchkov, K., Perederiy, V., Gavalko, Y., Dorofeyev, A., Romanenko, M., and Tkach, S. (2017). Association between body mass index and Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio in an adult Ukrainian population. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1027-1"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4693","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4693","article-title":"Effects of tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor exposure on the oral and gut microbiota in humans: A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(14)63047-X","article-title":"Tu1771 Smoking Cessation Alters Intestinal Microbiota: Further Insights from Quantitative Investigations on Human Fecal Samples Using FISH and qPCR","volume":"146","author":"Biedermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.05.016","article-title":"Ghrelin and food reward: The story of potential underlying substrates","volume":"32","author":"Skibicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29663","article-title":"Oral administration of glucagon-like peptide 1 or peptide YY 3-36 affects food intake in healthy male subjects","volume":"92","author":"Steinert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics modulate gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity in DIO mice","volume":"50","author":"Bagarolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osadchiy, V., Labus, J.S., Gupta, A., Jacobs, J., Ashe-McNalley, C., Hsiao, E.Y., and Mayer, E.A. (2018). Correlation of tryptophan metabolites with connectivity of extended central reward network in healthy subjects. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201772"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22870","article-title":"A Distinct Brain-Gut-Microbiome Profile Exists for Females with Obesity and Food Addiction","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F","article-title":"Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: Adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"110","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.002","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults","volume":"34","author":"Anda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, D.W., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Edwards, V.J., Malarcher, A., Croft, J.B., and Giles, W.H. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Heal., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-20"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.001","article-title":"REPRINT OF: Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"56","author":"Felitti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564","article-title":"Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study","volume":"111","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.001","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences: Expanding the Concept of Adversity","volume":"49","author":"Cronholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1652","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Smoking During Adolescence and Adulthood","volume":"282","author":"Anda","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00204-0","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult","volume":"27","author":"Dube","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"52","article-title":"Health-Related Outcomes of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Texas, 2002","volume":"7","author":"Dube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E775","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20500","article-title":"Abuse victimization in childhood or adolescence and risk of food addiction in adult women","volume":"21","author":"Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10008","article-title":"A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between child sexual abuse and eating disorders","volume":"31","author":"Smolak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1127","article-title":"Family background and sexual abuse associated with eating disorders","volume":"151","author":"Kinzl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20490","article-title":"The influence of reported trauma and adverse events on eating disturbance in young adults","volume":"41","author":"Smyth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.545","article-title":"Eating Disorders During Adolescence and the Risk for Physical and Mental Disorders During Early Adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2017.1312651","article-title":"Tobacco Use and Attachment Style in Appalachia","volume":"38","author":"Wise","year":"2017","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Heal. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.2.420","article-title":"Adult attachment style and affect regulation: Strategic variations in self-appraisals","volume":"75","author":"Mikulincer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.3.430","article-title":"Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment","volume":"67","author":"Griffin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.045","article-title":"Exposure to interpersonal trauma, attachment insecurity, and depression severity","volume":"149","author":"Fowler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024515519160","article-title":"Attachment Theory and Affect Regulation: The Dynamics, Development, and Cognitive Consequences of Attachment-Related Strategies","volume":"27","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","article-title":"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2307\/1131448","article-title":"Attachment and Emotion Regulation during Mother-Teen Problem Solving: A Control Theory Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Kobak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00006","article-title":"Attachment and Psychosomatic Medicine: Developmental Contributions to Stress and Disease","volume":"63","author":"Maunder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.10.043","article-title":"Attachment and eating: A meta-analytic review of the relevance of attachment for unhealthy and healthy eating behaviors in the general population","volume":"123","author":"Faber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.03.026","article-title":"Binge eating in bariatric surgery candidates: The role of insecure attachment and emotion regulation","volume":"91","author":"Shakory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauconnier, M., Rousselet, M., Brunault, P., Thiabaud, E., Lambert, S., Rocher, B., Challet-Bouju, G., and Grall-Bronnec, M. (2020). Food Addiction among Female Patients Seeking Treatment for an Eating Disorder: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061897"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.02.002","article-title":"Associations between adult attachment style and health risk behaviors in an adult female primary care population","volume":"72","author":"Ahrens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1380","article-title":"Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence","volume":"74","author":"Cooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.005","article-title":"Adult attachment security and college student substance use","volume":"32","author":"Kassel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00224-1","article-title":"Attachment dimensions and drinking-related problems among young adults: The mediational role of coping motives","volume":"28","author":"McNally","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2016.1233968","article-title":"Sex differences in the relationships between childhood adversity, attachment anxiety and current smoking","volume":"25","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00292-6","article-title":"Development of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 summary version in a representative sample of Czech population","volume":"8","author":"Tavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198903)8:2<141::AID-EAT2260080203>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Attachment and separation difficulties in eating disorders: A preliminary investigation","volume":"8","author":"Armstrong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.421","article-title":"Eating disorders, attachment and interpersonal difficulties: A comparison between 18- to 24-year-old patients and normal controls","volume":"9","author":"Broberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025796416594","article-title":"Understanding Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa from an Attachment Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Chassler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Soc. Work. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.39.4.521","article-title":"Relationship between parental attachment and eating disorders in an inpatient and a college sample","volume":"39","author":"Kenny","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021273129664","article-title":"Attachment Style and Family Functioning as Discriminating Factors in Eating Disorders","volume":"24","author":"Latzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contemp. Fam. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021141612634","article-title":"The Effect of Attachment Theory in the Development of Eating Disorders: Can Symptoms Be Proximity-Seeking?","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Soc. Work. J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1348\/000711200160282","article-title":"Attachment research in eating disorders","volume":"73","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Med Psychol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ef34b2","article-title":"Attachment Insecurity Predicts Eating Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Outcomes in a Clinical Sample of Women","volume":"198","author":"Illing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.03.011","article-title":"Attachment style and emotional eating in bariatric surgery candidates: The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation","volume":"18","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.157","article-title":"Disinhibited eating mediates differences in attachment insecurity between bariatric surgery candidates\/recipients and lean controls","volume":"41","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Connock, M., Barton, P., Fry-Smith, A., Aveyard, P., and Moore, D. (2008). \u2018Cut down to quit\u2019 with nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation: A systematic review of effectiveness and economic analysis. Heal. Technol. Assess., 12.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12020"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b1024","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1024","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"338","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"CD013308","article-title":"Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"4","author":"Lindson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"CD009329","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: An overview and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"CD006103","article-title":"Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation","volume":"2016","author":"Cahill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"CD000031","article-title":"Antidepressants for smoking cessation","volume":"4","author":"Howes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"CD000146","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"11","author":"Stead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03770.x","article-title":"Brief opportunistic smoking cessation interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare advice to quit and offer of assistance","volume":"107","author":"Aveyard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.033175","article-title":"Efficacy of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"CD010216","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation","volume":"10","author":"McRobbie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808779","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of E-Cigarettes versus Nicotine-Replacement Therapy","volume":"380","author":"Hajek","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2578","article-title":"Are trans diagnostic models of eating disorders fit for purpose? A consideration of the evidence for food addiction","volume":"26","author":"Treasure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2019.1587478","article-title":"Why WAIT? Preliminary evaluation of the weight assistance and intervention techniques (WAIT) group","volume":"24","author":"Brescacin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Heal. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00295-y","article-title":"Psychosocial Interventions for Food Addiction: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Cassin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9393-5","article-title":"Efficacy of Invasive and Non-Invasive Brain Modulation Interventions for Addiction","volume":"29","author":"Luigjes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00349","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in behavioral and food addiction: A systematic review of efficacy, technical, and methodological issues","volume":"9","author":"Sauvaget","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4439","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4439","article-title":"Weight gain in smokers after quitting cigarettes: Meta-analysis","volume":"345","author":"Aubin","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12304","article-title":"The association between quitting smoking and weight gain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.08.011","article-title":"The prevalence of weight concerns in a smoking abstinence clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.034","article-title":"Weight concerns among male smokers","volume":"29","author":"Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owari, Y., Miyatake, N., and Suzuki, H. (2019). Relationship between Food Dependence and Nicotine Dependence in Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study of Staff and Students at Medical Colleges. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050202"},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Blum, K., Bailey, J., Gonzalez, A.M., Oscar-Berman, M., Liu, Y., Giordano, J., Braverman, E., and Gold, M. (2011). Neuro-genetics of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) as the root cause of \u201caddiction transfer\u201d: A new phenomenon common after bariatric surgery. J. Genet. Syndr. Gene Ther., S2-001."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"1027","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0203-9","article-title":"Food addiction: A valid concept?","volume":"43","author":"Fletcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/12\/3834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:29Z","timestamp":1760179529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/12\/12\/3834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu12123834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12123834","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]}}}