{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:37:39Z","timestamp":1790800659541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26350909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26350909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several recent experimental studies have investigated the effects of caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA), representative ingredients of coffee, on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the results are conflicting, and their effects are yet to be clarified. In the present study, we examined the effects of caffeine and CGA on choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-fed mice, relatively new model mice of NASH. Seven-week-old male C57BL\/6J mice were divided into the following groups: Control diet (control), CDAHFD (CDAHFD), CDAHFD supplemented with 0.05% (w\/w) caffeine (caffeine), and CDAHFD supplemented with 0.1% (w\/w) CGA (CGA). After seven weeks, the mice were killed and serum biochemical, histopathological, and molecular analyses were performed. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly higher in the caffeine and CGA groups than in the CDAHFD group. On image analysis, the prevalence of Oil red O-positive areas (reflecting steatosis) was significantly higher in the caffeine group than in the CDAHFD group, and that of CD45R-positive areas (reflecting lymphocytic infiltration) in the hepatic lobule was significantly higher in the caffeine and CGA groups than in the CDAHFD group. Hepatic expression of interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA was higher in the caffeine and CGA groups than in the CDAHFD group, and the difference was statistically significant for the caffeine group. In conclusion, in the present study, caffeine and CGA significantly worsened the markers of liver cell injury, inflammation, and\/or steatosis in NASH lesions in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1608291729000},"page":"3886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice Induced by Choline-Deficient, L-Amino Acid-Defined, High-Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4216-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdenetsogt","family":"Dungubat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiori","family":"Watabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arisa","family":"Togashi-Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4729-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Fukusato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medical Education and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galtsog","family":"Lodon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ach Medical University, Ulaanbaatar 18080, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badamjav","family":"Sevjid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9610-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.25453","article-title":"Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Charlton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.04.014","article-title":"The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A population-based cohort study","volume":"129","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.01.023","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis who develop hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Yasui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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