{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:36:58Z","timestamp":1792456618798,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD078346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD078346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK56350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK56350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55625, 55584 & 58144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55625, 55584 & 58144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emotional eating is associated with an increased risk of binge eating, eating in the absence of hunger and obesity risk. While previous studies with children and adolescents suggest that emotion regulation may be a key predictor of this dysregulated eating behavior, little is known about what other factors may be influencing the link between emotional regulation and emotional eating in adolescence. This multi-method longitudinal study (n = 138) utilized linear regression models to examine associations between childhood emotion regulation, adolescent weight status and negative body image, and emotional eating at age 17. Emotion regulation predicted adolescent emotional eating and this link was moderated by weight status (\u03b2 = 1.19, p &lt; 0.01) and negative body image (\u03b2 = \u22120.34, p &lt; 0.01). Higher engagement in emotional eating was predicted by lower emotional regulation scores among normal-weight teens (\u03b2 = \u22120.46, p &lt; 0.001) but not among overweight\/obese teens (\u03b2 = 0.32, p &gt; 0.10). Higher scores on emotion regulation were significantly associated with lower emotional eating at high (\u03b2 = \u22121.59, p &lt; 0.001) and low (\u03b2 = \u22121.00, p &lt; 0.01) levels of negative body image. Engagement in emotional eating was predicted by higher negative body image among overweight\/obese teens only (\u03b2 = 0.70, p &lt; 0.001). Our findings show that while better childhood emotion regulation skills are associated with lower emotional eating, weight status and negative body image influence this link and should be considered as important foci in future interventions that aim to reduce emotional eating in adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T10:04:46Z","timestamp":1609236286000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Emotional Eating in Adolescence: Effects of Emotion Regulation, Weight Status and Negative Body Image"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3125-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka H.","family":"Shriver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Dollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, UNCG, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Engagement, UNCG, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, UNCG, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Wideman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, UNCG, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devonport, T.J., Nicholls, W., and Fullerton, C. (2017). A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations. J. Health Psychol.","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317697813"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Thayer, R.E. (2003). Calm Energy: How People Regulate Mood with Food and Exercise, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macht, M. (2008). How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.07.002"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evers, C., Stok, F., and de Ridder, D.T.D. (2010). Feeding your feelings: Emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull.","DOI":"10.1037\/e524372011-025"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shriver, L., Dollar, J., Lawless, M., Calkins, S., Keane, S., Shanahan, L., and Wideman, L. (2019). Longitudinal Associations between Emotion Regulation and Adiposity in Late Adolescence: Indirect Effects through Eating Behaviors. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030517"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Strien, T., Konttinen, H., Homberg, J.R., Engels, R.C.M.E., and Winkens, L.H.H. (2016). Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.034"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goossens, L., Braet, C., Van Vlierberghe, L., and Mels, S. (2009). Loss of control over eating in overweight youngsters: The role of anxiety, depression and emotional eating. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.892"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katterman, S.N., Kleinman, B.M., Hood, M.M., Nackers, L.M., and Corsica, J.A. (2014). Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: A systematic review. Eat. Behav.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.01.005"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Strien, T. (2018). Causes of Emotional Eating and Matched Treatment of Obesity. Curr. Diabetes Rep., 18.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1000-x"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1os, R.M., Cebolla, A., Moragrega, I., Van Strien, T., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F., Ag\u00fcera, Z., de la Torre, R., Casanueva, F.F., Fern\u00e1ndez-Real, J.M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, J.C. (2014). Relationship between eating styles and temperament in an Anorexia Nervosa, Healthy Control, and Morbid Obesity female sample. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.01.012"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michels, N., Sioen, I., Braet, C., Eiben, G., Hebestreit, A., Huybrechts, I., Vanaelst, B., Vyncke, K., and De Henauw, S. (2012). Stress, emotional eating behaviour and dietary patterns in children. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.08.010"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Michel, S.T., Unger, J.B., and Spruijt-Metz, D. (2007). Dietary correlates of emotional eating in adolescence. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.03.005"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Strien, T., and Oosterveld, P. (2008). The children\u2019s DEBQ for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating in 7- to 12-year-old children. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 41.","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20424"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, J.R., Woolson, S.L., Hamer, R.M., Kalarchian, M.A., Marcus, M.D., and Bulik, C.M. (2007). Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children\u2019s binge eating disorder scale (C-BEDS). Int. J. Eat. Disord.","DOI":"10.1037\/t08315-000"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klump, K.L., O\u2019Connor, S.M., Hildebrandt, B.A., Keel, P.K., Neale, M., Sisk, C.L., Boker, S., and Burt, S.A. (2016). Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on genetic and environmental risk for emotional eating in women. Clin. Psychol. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616641637"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleddens, E.F.C., Kremers, S.P.J., and Thijs, C. (2008). The Children\u2019s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire: Factorial validity and association with Body Mass Index in Dutch children aged 6\u20137. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-5-49"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422415000153","article-title":"The role of emotion regulation in childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Aparicio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joormann, J., and Gotlib, I.H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cogn. Emot.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903407948"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannan, M., Mamun, A., Doi, S., and Clavarino, A. (2016). Prospective Associations between Depression and Obesity for Adolescent Males and Females- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157240"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, A.L., Rosenblum, K.L., Retzloff, L.B., and Lumeng, J.C. (2016). Observed self-regulation is associated with weight in low-income toddlers. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.07.007"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, A.L., Gearhardt, A.N., Fredericks, E.M., Katz, B., Shapiro, L.F., Holden, K., Kaciroti, N., Gonzalez, R., Hunter, C., and Lumeng, J.C. (2017). Targeting self-regulation to promote health behaviors in children. Behav. Res. Ther.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.09.008"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power, T.G., Olivera, Y.A., Hill, R.A., Beck, A.D., Hopwood, V., Garcia, K.S., Ramos, G.G., Fisher, J.O., O\u2019Connor, T.M., and Hughes, S.O. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies and childhood obesity in high risk preschoolers. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.09.008"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlam, T.R., Wilson, N.L., Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., and Ayduk, O. (2013). Preschoolers\u2019 delay of gratification predicts their body mass 30 years later. J. Pediatrics.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.049"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Calkins, S.D., and Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver Influences on Emerging Emotion Regulation: Biological and Environmental Transactions in Early Development. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wills, T.A., Pokhrel, P., Morehouse, E., and Fenster, B. (2011). Behavioral and Emotional Regulation and Adolescent Substance Use Problems: A Test of Moderation Effects in a Dual-Process Model. Psychol. Addict. Behav., 25.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022870"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braet, C., Theuwis, L., Van Durme, K., Vandewalle, J., Vandevivere, E., Wante, L., Moens, E., Verbeken, S., and Goossens, L. (2014). Emotion Regulation in Children with Emotional Problems. Cogn. Ther. Res., 38.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-014-9616-x"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianini, L.M., White, M.A., and Masheb, R.M. (2013). Eating pathology, emotion regulation, and emotional overeating in obese adults with binge eating disorder. Eat. Behav.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.05.008"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrist, A.W., Hubbs-Tait, L., Topham, G.L., Shriver, L.H., and Page, M.C. (2013). Emotion regulation is related to children\u2019s emotional and external eating. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatrics.","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182a5095f"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Tao, F., Hou, F., Zhang, Z., and Ren, L.L. (2016). Emotion regulation, emotional eating and the energy-rich dietary pattern. A population-based study in Chinese adolescents. Appetite.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.01.011"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braet, C., Claus, L., Goossens, L., Moens, E., Van Vlierberghe, L., and Soetens, B. (2008). Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. J. Health Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308093850"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucchianeri, M.M., Arikian, A.J., Hannan, P.J., Eisenberg, M.E., and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Body Image, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.09.001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gattario, K.H., and Fris\u00e9n, A. (2019). From negative to positive body image: Men\u2019s and women\u2019s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body Image, 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.12.002"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.P., Bittencourt-Hewitt, A., and Sebastian, C.L. (2015). Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.006"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen\u00edn-Calder\u00f3n, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Testal, J.F., Perona-Garcel\u00e1n, S., and Perpi\u00f1\u00e1, C. (2017). Body image and adolescence: A behavioral impairment model. Psychiatry Res., 248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.12.003"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., Altabe, M., and Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucchianeri, M.M., and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). Body dissatisfaction: An overlooked public health concern. J. Public Ment. Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-11-2013-0071"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mond, J., Van Den Berg, P., Boutelle, K., Hannan, P., and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2011). Obesity, body dissatisfaction, and emotional well-being in early and late adolescence: Findings from the project EAT study. J. Adolesc. Health, 48.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.07.022"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, K., Rieger, E., and Byrne, D. (2018). Body image predictors of depressive symptoms in adolescence. J. Adolesc., 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.10.002"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.E., Latner, J.D., and Hayashi, K. (2013). More than just body weight: The role of body image in psychological and physical functioning. Body Image, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.04.007"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quick, V., Eisenberg, M.E., Bucchianeri, M.M., and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Prospective Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction in Young Adults: 10-Year Longitudinal Findings. Emerg. Adulthood, 1.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696813485738"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harriger, J.A., and Thompson, J.K. (2012). Psychological consequences of obesity: Weight bias and body image in overweight and obese youth. Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.678817"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.008","article-title":"Does Body Satisfaction Help or Harm Overweight Teens? A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Body Satisfaction and Body Mass Index","volume":"57","author":"Loth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braet, C., and Van Strien, T. (1997). Assessment of emotional, externally induced and restrained eating behaviour in nine to twelve-year-old obese and non-obese children. Behav. Res. Ther., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00045-4"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.B., Haynos, A.F., Wall, M.M., Chen, C., Eisenberg, M.E., and Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2019). Fifteen-Year Prevalence, Trajectories, and Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood. Clin. Psychol. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859331"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalo, E., Konttinen, H., Veps\u00e4l\u00e4inen, H., Chaput, J.P., Hu, G., Maher, C., Maia, J., Sarmiento, O.L., Standage, M., and Tudor-Locke, C. (2019). Emotional eating, health behaviours, and obesity in children: A 12-country cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020351"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calkins, S.D., and Perry, N.B. (2016). The development of emotion regulation: Implications for child adjustment. Developmental Psychopathology: Maladaptation and Psychopathology, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119125556.devpsy306"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3200\/GNTP.166.1.54-76","article-title":"Developmental stability and change in self-regulation from childhood to adolescence","volume":"166","author":"Raffaelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calkins, S.D., and Fox, N.A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early personality development: A multilevel approach to the study of childhood social withdrawal and aggression. Dev. Psychopathol.","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940200305X"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wideman, L., Calkins, S.D., Janssen, J.A., Lovelady, C.A., Dollar, J.M., Keane, S.P., Perrin, E.M., and Shanahan, L. (2016). Rationale, design and methods for the RIGHT Track Health Study: Pathways from childhood self-regulation to cardiovascular risk in adolescence. BMC Public Health.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3133-7"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Hollingshead, A. (1975). Four Factor Index of Social Status, Department of Psychology, Yale University. Unpublished Working Paper."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stunkard, A.J., and Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom. Res.","DOI":"10.1037\/t02178-000"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawless, M., Shriver, L.H., Wideman, L., Dollar, J., Calkins, S., Keane, S., and Shanahan, L. (2020). Associations between eating behaviors, diet quality and body mass index among adolescents. Eat. Behav., 36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2019.101339"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, M.J., McDowell, A.J., and Wilkinson, J.Y. (2001). The measurement of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger: An examination of the factor structure of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Int. J. Obes.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801611"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shields, A., and Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Dev. Psychol.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.33.6.906"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0791-8","article-title":"Maternal emotion regulation and children\u2019s behavior problems: The mediating role of child emotion regulation","volume":"26","author":"Crespo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, P.A., Landis, T., Maharaj, A., Ros-Demarize, R., Hart, K.C., and Garcia, A. (2019). Differentiating preschool children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors through emotion regulation and executive functioning. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1666399"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Kuczmarski, R.R.J., Ogden, C.L.C., Guo, S.S., Grummer-Strawn, L.M., Flegal, K.M., Mei, Z., Wei, R., Curtin, L.R., Roche, A.F., and Johnson, C.L. (2002). 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development, Vital and Health Stat. Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thelen, M.H., Powell, A.L., Lawrence, C., and Kuhnert, M.E. (1992). Eating and Body Image Concern among Children. J. Clin. Child Psychol., 21.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2101_7"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Aiken, L.S., Stephen, G., and West, R.R. (1987). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Multiple Regression Testing and Interpreting Interactions, SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandewalle, J., Moens, E., and Braet, C. (2014). Comprehending emotional eating in obese youngsters: The role of parental rejection and emotion regulation. Int. J. Obes., 38.","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.233"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rommel, D., Nandrino, J.L., Ducro, C., Andrieux, S., Delecourt, F., and Antoine, P. (2012). Impact of emotional awareness and parental bonding on emotional eating in obese women. Appetite, 59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.03.006"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarevich, I., Irigoyen Camacho, M.E., Vel\u00e1zquez-Alva M del, C., and Zepeda Zepeda, M. (2016). Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite, 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.09.011"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunstan, C.J., Paxton, S.J., and McLean, S.A. (2017). An evaluation of a body image intervention in adolescent girls delivered in single-sex versus co-educational classroom settings. Eat. Behav., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.03.016"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundgot-Borgen, C., Friborg, O., Kolle, E., Engen KM, E., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Rosenvinge, J.H., Pettersen, G., Klungland Torstveit, M., Piran, N., and Bratland-Sanda, S. (2019). The healthy body image (HBI) intervention: Effects of a school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial with 12-months follow-up. Body Image, 29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.03.007"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundgot-Borgen, C., Stenling, A., Rosenvinge, J.H., Pettersen, G., Friborg, O., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Kolle, E., Torstveit, M.K., Svantorp-Tveiten KM, E., and Bratland-Sanda, S. (2020). The Norwegian healthy body image intervention promotes positive embodiment through improved self-esteem. Body Image, 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.08.014"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray, I., Slater, A., Lewis-Smith, H., Bird, E., and Sabey, A. (2018). Promoting positive body image and tackling overweight\/obesity in children and adolescents: A combined health psychology and public health approach. Prev. Med., 116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.08.011"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shriver, L.H., Harrist, A.W., Page, M., Hubbs-Tait, L., Moulton, M., and Topham, G. (2013). Differences in body esteem by weight status, gender, and physical activity among young elementary school-aged children. Body Image, 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.10.005"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shriver, L.H., Hubbs-Tait, L., Harrist, A.W., Topham, G., and Page, M. (2015). Child gender and weight status moderate the relation of maternal feeding practices to body esteem in 1st grade children. Appetite, 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.01.017"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumark-Sztainer, D., Goeden, C., Story, M., and Wall, M. (2004). Associations between body satisfaction and physical activity in adolescents: Implications for programs aimed at preventing a broad spectrum of weight-related disorders. Eat. Disord., 12.","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260490444989"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presnell, K., Bearman, S.K., and Stice, E. (2004). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: A prospective study. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 36.","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20045"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hales, C.M., Fryar, C.D., Carroll, M.D., Freedman, D.S., and Ogden, C.L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age 2018, 2007\u20132008 to 2015\u20132016. JAMA, 319.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3060"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogden, C.L., Fryar, C.D., Martin, C.B., Freedman, D.S., Carroll, M.D., Gu, Q., and Hales, C.M. (2020). Trends in obesity prevalence by race and Hispanic origin\u20141999\u2013000 to 2017\u20132018. JAMA, 324.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14590"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, Z.J., Long, M.W., Resch, S.C., Giles, C.M., Cradock, A.L., and Gortmaker, S.L. (2017). Simulation of Growth Trajectories of Childhood Obesity into Adulthood. N. Engl. J. Med., 377.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703860"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutelle, K.N., Braden, A., Knatz-Peck, S., Anderson, L.K., and Rhee, K.E. (2018). An open trial targeting emotional eating among adolescents with overweight or obesity. Eat. Disord.","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2018.1418252"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:19Z","timestamp":1760179639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13010079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]}}}