{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:29:20Z","timestamp":1792092560124,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007937","name":"Peking University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["48014Y0114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48014Y0114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well-investigated but remains to be elucidated. We quantitatively combined relevant studies to estimate whether vitamin D status was related to ASD in this work. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched to include eligible studies. A random-effects model was applied to pool overall estimates of vitamin D concentration or odds ratio (OR) for ASD. In total, 34 publications involving 20,580 participants were identified in this present study. Meta-analysis of 24 case\u2013control studies demonstrated that children and adolescents with ASD had significantly lower vitamin D concentration than that of the control group (mean difference (MD): \u22127.46 ng\/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u221210.26; \u22124.66 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.0001, I2 = 98%). Quantitative integration of 10 case\u2013control studies reporting OR revealed that lower vitamin D was associated with higher risk of ASD (OR: 5.23, 95% CI: 3.13; 8.73, p &lt; 0.0001, I2 = 78.2%). Analysis of 15 case\u2013control studies barring data from previous meta-analysis reached a similar result with that of the meta-analysis of 24 case\u2013control studies (MD: \u22126.2, 95% CI: \u22129.62; \u22122.78, p = 0.0004, I2 = 96.8%), which confirmed the association. Furthermore, meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal vitamin D showed a trend of decreased early-life vitamin D concentration in the ASD group (MD: \u22123.15, 95% CI: \u22126.57; 0.26, p = 0.07, I2 = 99%). Meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested that children with reduced maternal or neonatal vitamin D had 54% higher likelihood of developing ASD (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12; 2.10, p = 0.0071, I2 = 81.2%). These analyses indicated that vitamin D status was related to the risk of ASD. The detection and appropriate intervention of vitamin D deficiency in ASD patients and pregnant and lactating women have clinical and public significance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1609271725000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2531-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"392","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States","volume":"69","author":"Maenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","article-title":"Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1432574","article-title":"Efficacy of early interventions for infants and young children with, and at risk for, autism spectrum disorders","volume":"30","author":"Landa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J., Audhya, T., Matthews, J.S., Li, K., Naviaux, J.C., Naviaux, R.K., Adams, R.L., Coleman, D.M., Quig, D.W., and Geis, E. (2018). Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder\u2014A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030369"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linhong, Z., Lin, X., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Xue, K., Gu, S., Lv, L., Huang, S., and Xie, W. (2020). Potential role of genomic imprinted genes and brain developmental related genes in autism. BMC Med. Genom., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-020-0693-2"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazahery, H., Camargo, C.A., Conlon, C., Beck, K.L., Kruger, M.C., and Von Hurst, P. (2016). Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040236"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307214","article-title":"Sunshine and vitamin D","volume":"101","author":"Saraff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2019.1622872","article-title":"Vitamin D and the nervous system","volume":"41","author":"Bivona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.09.008","article-title":"Differential expression of vitamin D-associated enzymes and receptors in brain cell subtypes","volume":"177","author":"Landel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.04.001","article-title":"Where is the vitamin D receptor?","volume":"523","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trifonova, E.A., Klimenko, A.I., Mustafin, Z.S., Lashin, S.A., and Kochetov, A.V. (2019). The mTOR Signaling Pathway Activity and Vitamin D Availability Control the Expression of Most Autism Predisposition Genes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246332"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0349","article-title":"Reduced Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxy and 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D in Egyptian Children with Autism","volume":"16","author":"Meguid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-201","article-title":"Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: Relation to autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Mostafa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/S2237-60892012000300008","article-title":"Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in children with autism","volume":"34","author":"Tostes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1709-3","article-title":"Bone Density in Peripubertal Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"43","author":"Neumeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000034","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.899976","article-title":"Association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders with Mean Platelet Volume and Vitamin D","volume":"23","author":"Garipardic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"68","article-title":"Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Contemp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000019","article-title":"Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children","volume":"19","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and sun exposure in autistic children","volume":"7","author":"Fahmy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_17_17","article-title":"Iron and vitamin D levels among autism spectrum disorders children","volume":"16","author":"Bener","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S146152","article-title":"Biochemical assessments of thyroid profile, serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cluster of differentiation 5 expression levels among children with autism","volume":"13","author":"Desoky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"916","article-title":"Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children","volume":"55","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1123847","article-title":"Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2018.16.4.383","article-title":"The Levels of Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Homocysteine and Complex B Vitamin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Altun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0587-5","article-title":"Evaluation of serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"44","author":"Arastoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0199-1","article-title":"In the search for reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: The role of vitamin D","volume":"33","author":"Cannell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"317","article-title":"Vitamin D in autistic children and healthy controls","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.03.1296","article-title":"Vitamin d status in TUNISIAN children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"493","author":"Chtourou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-34","article-title":"Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.09.002","article-title":"Serum vitamin D and folate levels in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparative study of vitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder and normal children: A case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Hashemzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fundam. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"14691","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and serum vitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Guler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.10.031","article-title":"Vitamin D status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Case-control study from India","volume":"30","author":"Basheer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska, A., Kostyra, E., Chwa\u0142a, B., Moszy\u0144ska, M., Fiedorowicz, E., Teodorowicz, M., and Savelkoul, H.F. (2017). Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Childhood Autism. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7090115"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.K., Eyles, D.W., Magnusson, C., Newschaffer, C.J., McGrath, J., Kvaskoff, D., Ko, P., Dalman, C., Karlsson, H., and Gardner, R.M. (2019). Developmental vitamin D and autism spectrum disorders: Findings from the Stockholm Youth Cohort. Mol. Psychiatry, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0578-y"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.213","article-title":"Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism-related traits: The Generation R Study","volume":"23","author":"Vinkhuyzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). Erratum Re: Relationship Between Neonatal Vitamin D at Birth and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders: The NBSIB Study. J. Bone Miner. Res., 33, 550.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3392"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318756787","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in early childhood","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2118","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin D status in relation to autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay in the CHARGE case\u2013Control study","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2092","article-title":"Newborn vitamin D levels in relation to autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability: A case\u2013control study in California","volume":"12","author":"Windham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0786-1","article-title":"Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in EpidemiologyA Proposal for Reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"S117","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"24","author":"Ugur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.05.004","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"588","author":"Camkurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04017-w","article-title":"The Association Between Serum Vitamin D3 Levels and Autism Among Jordanian Boys","volume":"50","author":"Alzghoul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-6-3","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and low vitamin D at birth: A sibling control study","volume":"6","author":"Fernell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.08.013","article-title":"Lower maternal serum 25(OH) D in first trimester associated with higher autism risk in Chinese offspring","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318794179","article-title":"Differences in food consumption and nutritional intake between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Figuerola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in children","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Contemp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.05.008","article-title":"Selected vitamin D metabolic gene variants and risk for autism spectrum disorder in the CHARGE Study","volume":"91","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26216","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status","volume":"233","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.719","article-title":"CYP2R1 (vitamin D 25-hydroxylase) gene is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and vitamin D levels in Germans","volume":"23","author":"Jansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metabol. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"111","article-title":"Potential risk factors for vitamin D levels in medium- and long-term use of antiepileptic drugs in childhood","volume":"5","author":"Poyrazoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woon, F.C., Chin, Y.S., Ismail, I.H., Batterham, M., Latiff, A.H.A., Gan, W.Y., Appannah, G., Hussien, S.H.M., Edi, M., and Tan, M.L. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/616805"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51325-3","article-title":"Maternal circulating Vitamin D3 levels during pregnancy and behaviour across childhood","volume":"9","author":"Sunyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, A.O., J\u00f8rgensen, K.N., Nerhus, M., Athanasiu, L., Popejoy, A.B., Bettella, F., Norbom, L.C.B., Gurholt, T.P., Dahl, S.R., and Andreassen, O.A. (2018). Vitamin D levels, brain volume, and genetic architecture in patients with psychosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200250"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200506093858","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D and its Role in Determining Fetal Origins of Mental Health","volume":"26","author":"Lisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51498-x","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related inflammation and antioxidant markers in students with vitamin D deficient: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.105665","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency induces the excitation\/inhibition brain imbalance and the proinflammatory shift","volume":"119","author":"Kasatkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00414-1","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the pregnant women: An observational study in Shanghai, China","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/86\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:39Z","timestamp":1760179659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/86"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13010086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]}}}