{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:32:43Z","timestamp":1788183163966,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC1710002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1710002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0900803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0900803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21806146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21806146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","award":["2016M602264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016M602264"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","award":["2020T130604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020T130604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010020","name":"Excellent Youth Development Foundation of Zhengzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZDGGJS052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZDGGJS052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010020","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technique Foundation of Henan Province","award":["202102310046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102310046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies have investigated the associations between serum vitamin D or testosterone and diabetes; however, inconsistencies are observed. Whether there is an interaction between vitamin D and testosterone and whether the lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) mediates the association between vitamin D and diabetes is unclear. To investigate the effect of vitamin D and testosterone on impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 2659 participants from the Henan Rural Cohort were included in the case-control study. Generalized linear models were utilized to estimate associations of vitamin D with IFG or T2DM and interactive effects of vitamin D and testosterone on IFG or T2DM. Principal component analysis (PCA) and mediation analysis were used to estimate whether the lipid profile mediated the association of vitamin D with IFG or T2DM. Serum 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, and total 25(OH)D levels were negatively correlated with IFG (odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)): 0.99 (0.97, 1.00), 0.85 (0.82, 0.88), and 0.97 (0.96, 0.98), respectively). Similarity results for associations between serum 25(OH)D2 and total 25(OH)D with T2DM (ORs (95%CIs): 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) and 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)) were observed, whereas serum 25(OH)D3 was negatively correlated to T2DM only in the quartile 2 (Q2) and Q3 groups (both p &lt; 0.05). The lipid profile, mainly TC and TG, partly mediated the relationship between 25(OH)D2 or total 25(OH)D and IFG or T2DM and the proportion explained was from 2.74 to 17.46%. Furthermore, interactive effects of serum 25(OH)D2, total 25(OH)D, and testosterone on T2DM were observed in females (both p for interactive &lt;0.05), implying that the positive association between serum testosterone and T2DM was vanished when 25(OH)D2 was higher than 10.04 ng\/mL or total 25(OH)D was higher than 40.04 ng\/mL. Therefore, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels could reduce the prevalence of IFG and T2DM, especially in females with high levels of testosterone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T09:35:23Z","timestamp":1609320923000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Serum Vitamin D Affected Type 2 Diabetes though Altering Lipid Profile and Modified the Effects of Testosterone on Diabetes Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lulu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keliang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luting","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7898-093X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqian","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongjian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.168118","article-title":"Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults","volume":"310","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31426","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31426","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk factors in Chinese rural population: The RuralDiab study","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61032-X","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes: Principles of pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"365","author":"Stumvoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/414782a","article-title":"Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic","volume":"414","author":"Zimmet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2019). Analysis of Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040794"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Wei, H., Xue, H., Zhang, J., Chen, M., Gong, Y., and Cheng, G. (2018). Higher serum 25(OH)D level is associated with decreased risk of impairment of glucose homeostasis: Data from Southwest China. BMC Endocr. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0252-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1926308","article-title":"Vitamin D and Incidence of Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Four-Year Follow-Up Community-Based Study","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12794","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (EVIDENCE): A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193003","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and metaanalysis","volume":"59","author":"Afzal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Garach, A., Garc\u00eda-Fontana, B., and Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, M. (2019). Vitamin D Status, Calcium Intake and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: An Unresolved Issue. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030642"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Pittas","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9410-7","article-title":"Low vitamin D status and obesity: Role of nutritionist","volume":"18","author":"Savastano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0413-3","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles and gene expression of insulin and lipid metabolism in infertile polycystic ovary syndrome candidates for in vitro fertilization","volume":"16","author":"Dastorani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001732","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and risk of CVD and all-cause mortality: Evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ajlan, A., Krishnaswamy, S., Alokail, M.S., Aljohani, N.J., Al-Serehi, A., Sheshah, E., Alshingetti, N.M., Fouda, M., Turkistani, I.Z., and Al-Daghri, N.M. (2015). Vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia in early pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0751-5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0984","article-title":"Vitamin D and fertility: A systematic review","volume":"166","author":"Lerchbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.262","article-title":"Vitamin D and male reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01874","article-title":"Causal Link Between Vitamin D and Total Testosterone in Men: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0068-2","article-title":"Vitamin D is associated with testosterone and hypogonadism in Chinese men: Results from a cross-sectional SPECT-China study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01117.x","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and testosterone: A meta-analysis study","volume":"34","author":"Corona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0393","article-title":"Testosterone and glucose metabolism in men: Current concepts and controversies","volume":"220","author":"Grossmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3133","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3133","article-title":"Association of serum testosterone with different classes of glucose metabolism and the mediation effect of obesity: The Henan Rural Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz039","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Henan Rural Cohort: A prospective study of chronic non-communicable diseases","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","article-title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Harreiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0703-2","article-title":"Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the microcirculation","volume":"17","author":"Strain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.06.009","article-title":"Prevalence of dyslipidemia and factors affecting lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Shahwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0593","article-title":"Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: The Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990\u20132000","volume":"57","author":"Forouhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.K., Garland, C.F., Gorham, E.D., BuDoff, L., and Barrett-Connor, E. (2018). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: 12-year cohort study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193070"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2150","article-title":"Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"33","author":"Kositsawat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-7-4","article-title":"Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity","volume":"7","author":"McGill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"523","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hemoglobin A1c and fasting blood glucose levels in adults with diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Alkhatatbeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.05.007","article-title":"Vitamin D status and the risk of type 2 diabetes: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study","volume":"149","author":"Heath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.050013","article-title":"Correcting vitamin D insufficiency improves insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Belenchia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.011684","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: The Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018814547205","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency and insulin resistance in obese adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56904-y","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight\/obese Asian Indian Women with Prediabetes Reduces Glycemic Measures and Truncal Subcutaneous Fat: A 78 Weeks Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (PREVENT-WIN Trial)","volume":"10","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.242008","article-title":"Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation Affects Metabolic Status in Vitamin D-Deficient Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"147","author":"Farrokhian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9844-5","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its genetic determinants in relation to incident type 2 diabetes: A prospective case-cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Buijsse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01522","article-title":"Association of Plasma Vitamin D Metabolites With Incident Type 2 Diabetes: EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study","volume":"104","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12625","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Forouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.152736","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Mousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1983","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and endothelial function in vitamin D deficient HIV-infected patients: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Longenecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9403-y","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: Causal or casual association?","volume":"18","author":"Grammatiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0768-7","article-title":"Dyslipidemia prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors in Chinese rural population: The Henan rural cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146s","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719212","article-title":"Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"21","author":"Zemel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093734","article-title":"Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes","volume":"27","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimitphong, H., Holick, M.F., Fried, S.K., and Lee, M.J. (2012). 25-hydroxyvitamin D\u2083 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D\u2083 promote the differentiation of human subcutaneous preadipocytes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052171"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.08.004","article-title":"Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue","volume":"165","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107986","article-title":"Study of the diacylglycerol composition in the liver and serum of mice with prediabetes and diabetes using MeV TOF-SIMS","volume":"159","author":"Barac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-4-1433","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment Results in Increased Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Specific Brain Nuclei","volume":"118","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1269854","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men","volume":"43","author":"Pilz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122346","article-title":"Metabolic effects of testosterone replacement therapy on hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13977","article-title":"Testosterone deficiency in men with Type 2 diabetes: Pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"37","author":"Gianatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2018.08.002","article-title":"Potential application of testosterone replacement therapy as treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes in men","volume":"138","author":"Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12312","article-title":"Sex hormones and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 9-year follow up among elderly men in Finland","volume":"15","author":"Salminen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400007-JLR200","article-title":"The ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 mediates lipid efflux from Sertoli cells and influences male fertility","volume":"45","author":"Selva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262837","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates steroidogenesis and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) production in human ovarian cells","volume":"42","author":"Parikh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0135","article-title":"Neuronal androgen receptor regulates insulin sensitivity via suppression of hypothalamic NF-kappaB-mediated PTP1B expression","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2734","article-title":"Androgens Decrease Plasma Adiponectin, an Insulin-Sensitizing Adipocyte-Derived Protein","volume":"51","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/90\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:45Z","timestamp":1760179665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/90"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13010090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]}}}