{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:37:45Z","timestamp":1773859065166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1157281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1157281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency is complex, with evidence mostly from studies affected by confounding and reverse causality. We examined the causality and direction of the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and depression in bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using information from up to 307,618 white British participants from the UK Biobank and summary results from the SUNLIGHT (n = 79,366) and Psychiatric Genomics consortia (PGC 113,154 cases and 218,523 controls). In observational analysis, the odds of depression decreased with higher 25(OH)D concentrations (adjusted odds ratio (OR) per 50% increase 0.95, 95%CI 0.94\u20130.96). In MR inverse variance weighted (IVW) using the UK Biobank, there was no association between genetically determined serum 25(OH)D and depression (OR per 50% higher 0.97, 95%CI 0.90\u20131.05) with consistent null association across all MR approaches and in data from PGC consortium. In contrast, genetic liability to depression was associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations (MR IVW \u22123.26%, \u22124.94%\u2013\u22121.55%), with the estimates remaining generally consistent after meta-analysing with the consortia. In conclusion, we found genetic evidence for a causal effect of depression on lower 25(OH)D concentrations, however we could not confirm a beneficial effect of nutritional vitamin D status on depression risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Relationship between Serum 25(OH)D and Depression: Causal Evidence from a Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar","family":"Mulugeta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0214-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Lumsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Hypp\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013227","article-title":"Vitamin D and Depression: Cellular and Regulatory Mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Berridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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