{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:29:45Z","timestamp":1793384985181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging data have demonstrated a strong association between the gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as atherosclerosis, inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, platelet hyperactivity, and plasma lipid abnormalities. Several studies in humans and animal models have demonstrated an association between gut microbial metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids, and bile acid metabolites (amino acid breakdown products) with CVD. Human blood platelets are a critical contributor to the hemostatic process. Besides, these blood cells play a crucial role in developing atherosclerosis and, finally, contribute to cardiac events. Since the TMAO, and other metabolites of the gut microbiota, are asociated with platelet hyperactivity, lipid disorders, and oxidative stress, the diet-gut microbiota interactions have become an important research area in the cardiovascular field. The gut microbiota and their metabolites may be targeted for the therapeutic benefit of CVD from a clinical perspective. This review\u2019s main aim is to highlight the complex interactions between microbiota, their metabolites, and several CVD risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1609703686000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Role of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Human Blood Platelet Function: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim K.","family":"Duttaroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.008731","article-title":"Endemic Cardiovascular Diseases of the Poorest Billion","volume":"133","author":"Kwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e38","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12201","article-title":"Intestinal dysbacteriosis contributes to decreased intestinal mucosal barrier function and increased bacterial translocation","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-51510200038-5","article-title":"Platelets and cardiovascular disease","volume":"1","author":"Willoughby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2957","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Michelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03401.x","article-title":"Dynamics of platelet thrombus formation","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, K., Srivatsav, V., Rizwan, A., Nashed, A., Liu, R., Shen, R., and Akhtar, M. (2017). Bridging the Gap between Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080859"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"291","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Vascular Disease: Therapeutic Target?","volume":"15","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309006","article-title":"Hypertension-Linked Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut","volume":"120","author":"Santisteban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693083","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/693083","article-title":"Diverse roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis: From inflammatory biology to biomarker discovery","volume":"2012","author":"Gui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.01.007","article-title":"New aspects on the metabolic role of intestinal microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Drosos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618249","article-title":"Transmission of atherosclerosis susceptibility with gut microbial transplantation","volume":"290","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","article-title":"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S., Chi, M.M., Scull, B.P., Rigby, R., Schwerbrock, N.M., Magness, S., Jobin, C., and Lund, P.K. (2010). High-fat diet: Bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012191"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M072165","article-title":"Commensal bacteria at the crossroad between cholesterol homeostasis and chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Kasahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu002","article-title":"Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.015","article-title":"Acrolein Disrupts Tight Junction Proteins and Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Epithelial Cell Death Leading to Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Permeability","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019645","article-title":"Akkermansia Muciniphila Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in Apoe\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2266","article-title":"Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome","volume":"3","author":"Karlsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.21.2641","article-title":"Effects of antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"293","author":"Andraws","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.03.001","article-title":"Oral infections and cardiovascular disease","volume":"26","author":"Kholy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00448-9","article-title":"Association of endotoxemia with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: Prospective results from the Bruneck Study","volume":"34","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.018","article-title":"Ethnic and sex differences in circulating endotoxin levels: A novel marker of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk in a British multi-ethnic population","volume":"203","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0100-y","article-title":"In silico analyses of metagenomes from human atherosclerotic plaque samples","volume":"3","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"879151","article-title":"Is the gut microbiota a new factor contributing to obesity and its metabolic disorders?","volume":"2012","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0029","article-title":"The gut mycobiome composition is linked to carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Chacon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.100631","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 is expressed by macrophages in murine and human lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques and upregulated by oxidized LDL","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.105.10.1158","article-title":"Expression of toll-like receptors in human atherosclerotic lesions: A possible pathway for plaque activation","volume":"105","author":"Edfeldt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2587","article-title":"A cell biological view of Toll-like receptor function: Regulation through compartmentalization","volume":"9","author":"Barton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101912","article-title":"IL-27 enhances LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production via upregulation of TLR4 expression and signaling in human monocytes","volume":"188","author":"Guzzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02432-3","article-title":"Significance of peptidoglycan, a proinflammatory bacterial antigen in atherosclerotic arteries and its association with vulnerable plaques","volume":"90","author":"Laman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3565","article-title":"NOD proteins: Regulators of inflammation in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Philpott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0316-151R","article-title":"Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake?","volume":"100","author":"Munford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043526","article-title":"Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events","volume":"352","author":"Grayston","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-197921","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota determine severity of myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"26","author":"Lam","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-060513-093205","article-title":"The gut microbial endocrine organ: Bacterially derived signals driving cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"66","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004165","article-title":"Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a gut microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk","volume":"116","author":"Bergeron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.17-010","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite short-chain fatty acids and obesity","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26745","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26745","article-title":"Relationship of Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Levels with early Atherosclerosis in Humans","volume":"6","author":"Randrianarisoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.055","article-title":"Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"814","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide in acute coronary syndromes: A prognostic marker for incident cardiovascular events beyond traditional risk factors","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.149","article-title":"Microbial modulation of cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104816","article-title":"Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine","volume":"307","author":"Backhed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.011","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation","volume":"17","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.26749","article-title":"Archaebiotics: Proposed therapeutic use of archaea to prevent trimethylaminuria and cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Brugere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.033712-0","article-title":"Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeon isolated from human faeces","volume":"62","author":"Dridi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02210","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02210-15","article-title":"Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803638d","article-title":"Effect of a low dose of dietary resveratrol on colon microbiota, inflammation and tissue damage in a DSS-induced colitis rat model","volume":"57","author":"Larrosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.09.108","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO contributes to renal dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity","volume":"493","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"6458094","article-title":"Cross-Talk between Gut Microbiota and Heart via the Routes of Metabolite and Immunity","volume":"2018","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13307","article-title":"Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies","volume":"22","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004947","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004947","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"6","author":"Heianza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400","article-title":"Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk","volume":"368","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.07.071","article-title":"Coronary Plaque Characterization Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography and Plasma Trimethylamine-N-oxide Levels in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"118","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14234","article-title":"Flavin monooxygenase 3, the host hepatic enzyme in the metaorganismal trimethylamine N-oxide-generating pathway, modulates platelet responsiveness and thrombosis risk","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.264853","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and Risk Stratification after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"63","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janeiro, M.H., Ramirez, M.J., Milagro, F.I., Martinez, J.A., and Solas, M. (2018). Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101398"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.017","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via activating ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"481","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7498","article-title":"Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 as a potential player in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M051680","article-title":"Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 exerts broad effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Shih","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.036","article-title":"The TMAO-Generating Enzyme Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Is a Central Regulator of Cholesterol Balance","volume":"10","author":"Warrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.006","article-title":"gamma-Butyrobetaine is a proatherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L-carnitine to TMAO","volume":"20","author":"Koeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00139","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Contributes to Cardiac Dysfunction in Western Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006524","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006524","article-title":"Plasma Metabolites From Choline Pathway and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED (Prevention With Mediterranean Diet) Study","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12328","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide is associated with disease severity and survival of patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"277","author":"Troseid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H272","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01075.2008","article-title":"Antiatherosclerotic effect of farnesoid X receptor","volume":"296","author":"Mencarelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyazaki-Anzai, S., Masuda, M., Levi, M., Keenan, A.L., and Miyazaki, M. (2014). Dual activation of the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 protects mice against atherosclerosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108270"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20160244","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160244","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide in atherogenesis: Impairing endothelial self-repair capacity and enhancing monocyte adhesion","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.546","article-title":"Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide, a Gut Microbe-Generated Phosphatidylcholine Metabolite, Is Associated With Atherosclerotic Burden","volume":"67","author":"Senthong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002816","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002816","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota-Generated Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide and 5-Year Mortality Risk in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Contributory Role of Intestinal Microbiota in a COURAGE-Like Patient Cohort","volume":"5","author":"Senthong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131771","article-title":"Dietary phosphatidylcholine and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular-specific mortality among US women and men","volume":"104","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602725","article-title":"Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women","volume":"62","author":"Dalmeijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003970","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003970","article-title":"Microbiota-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Coronary Artery Calcium in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)","volume":"5","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.209296","article-title":"Choline and Betaine Intakes Are Not Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Risk in Japanese Men and Women","volume":"145","author":"Nagata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.108","article-title":"L-Carnitine intake and high trimethylamine N-oxide plasma levels correlate with low aortic lesions in ApoE(\u2212\/\u2212) transgenic mice expressing CETP","volume":"244","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidulescu, A., Chambless, L.E., Siega-Riz, A.M., Zeisel, S.H., and Heiss, G. (2007). Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-7-20"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310283","article-title":"Microbiota-induced obesity requires farnesoid X receptor","volume":"66","author":"Parseus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712","article-title":"The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis","volume":"72","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Huang, F., Zhao, A., Lei, S., Zhang, Y., Xie, G., Chen, T., Qu, C., Rajani, C., and Dong, B. (2017). Bile acid is a significant host factor shaping the gut microbiome of diet-induced obese mice. BMC Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0462-7"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.880420","article-title":"The human microbiome and bile acid metabolism: Dysbiosis, dysmetabolism, disease and intervention","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2008","article-title":"Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation","volume":"89","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1127483","article-title":"Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Ridlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004703","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults","volume":"107","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11552","article-title":"Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism","volume":"489","author":"Tremaroli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Hansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000156","article-title":"Bile acids as metabolic regulators","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.006","article-title":"TGR5 activation inhibits atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage inflammation and lipid loading","volume":"14","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051551698","article-title":"The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity","volume":"98","author":"Staudinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800608-JLR200","article-title":"Activation of PXR induces hypercholesterolemia in wild-type and accelerates atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M017376","article-title":"Deficiency of PXR decreases atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice","volume":"52","author":"Sui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06417","article-title":"Role of Bile Acid-Regulated Nuclear Receptor FXR and G Protein-Coupled Receptor TGR5 in Regulation of Cardiorenal Syndrome (Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease)","volume":"67","author":"Levi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303344","article-title":"Genomics, Telomere Length, Epigenetics, and Metabolomics in the Nurses\u2019 Health Studies","volume":"106","author":"Townsend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.183","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Jonsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashiro, K., Tanaka, R., Urabe, T., Ueno, Y., Yamashiro, Y., Nomoto, K., Takahashi, T., Tsuji, H., Asahara, T., and Hattori, N. (2017). Gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolism and systemic inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176062"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-1-285","article-title":"The possible involvement of intestinal bacteria in steroidal hypertension","volume":"110","author":"Honour","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II-3-10","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1932-8737.1997.tb00006.x","article-title":"Biology of the endothelium","volume":"20","author":"Luscher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003698","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003698","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Promote Angiotensin II-Induced Arterial Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Karbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3050","article-title":"The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Armougom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Canfora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22082","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.117713","article-title":"Dissecting the in vivo metabolic potential of two human gut acetogens","volume":"285","author":"Rey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.10.5186-5190.2002","article-title":"Acetate utilization and butyryl coenzyme A (CoA): Acetate-CoA transferase in butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"68","author":"Duncan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07910","article-title":"Increased Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Composition and Butyrate Production in Early Pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Barrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024545","article-title":"High-Fiber Diet and Acetate Supplementation Change the Gut Microbiota and Prevent the Development of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Hypertensive Mice","volume":"135","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F439","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00252.2013","article-title":"Renal and cardiovascular sensory receptors and blood pressure regulation","volume":"305","author":"Pluznick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052235","article-title":"Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors-Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation","volume":"35","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215927110","article-title":"Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation","volume":"110","author":"Pluznick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00089.2016","article-title":"Microbial short chain fatty acid metabolites lower blood pressure via endothelial G protein-coupled receptor 41","volume":"48","author":"Natarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000246","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acid on blood pressure regulation","volume":"25","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3071","article-title":"Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Chawla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2174\/187153012803832602","article-title":"Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development: The central role of LDL and oxidative burst","volume":"12","author":"Peluso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500507-JLR200","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells by regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.11.013","article-title":"Estrogen protection, oxidized LDL, endothelial dysfunction and vasorelaxation in cardiovascular disease: New insights into a complex issue","volume":"73","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114477","article-title":"Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide","volume":"85","author":"Boulanger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamo, T., Akazawa, H., Suda, W., Saga-Kamo, A., Shimizu, Y., Yagi, H., Liu, Q., Nomura, S., Naito, A.T., and Takeda, N. (2017). Dysbiosis and compositional alterations with aging in the gut microbiota of patients with heart failure. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174099"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19421","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308864200","article-title":"Mechanism of collagen activation in human platelets","volume":"279","author":"Roberts","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(01)00064-0","article-title":"Activation of the platelet collagen receptor integrin alpha(2)beta(1): Its mechanism and participation in the physiological functions of platelets","volume":"10","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13413","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808970200","article-title":"Mechanism of activation and functional role of protein kinase Ceta in human platelets","volume":"284","author":"Bynagari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071014","article-title":"Platelet activation and atherothrombosis","volume":"357","author":"Davi","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5619","article-title":"Medicinal Plants with Antiplatelet Activity","volume":"30","author":"Rosado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.10.6.1032","article-title":"Whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry and ischemic heart disease. The Caerphilly Collaborative Heart Disease Study","volume":"10","author":"Elwood","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.15.1867","article-title":"Oral antiplatelet therapy in cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, and peripheral arterial disease","volume":"292","author":"Tran","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00012-3","article-title":"A new method to evaluate spontaneous platelet aggregation in type 2 diabetes by Cellfacts","volume":"329","author":"Gabbianelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90034-8","article-title":"A cross-sectional evaluation of spontaneous platelet aggregation in relation to complications in patients with type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Iwase","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.11.12.1523","article-title":"Targeting platelets for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Duhamel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1983.tb03753.x","article-title":"Increased beta-thromboglobulin in essential hypertension: Interactions between arterial plasma adrenaline, platelet function and blood lipids","volume":"213","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90877-K","article-title":"The effect of doxazosin on platelet aggregation in normotensive subjects and patients with hypertension: An in vitro study","volume":"121","author":"Carvajal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0939-6","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherosclerosis is associated with bile acid metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/09537100802613449","article-title":"Lifestyle modification decreases the mean platelet volume in prehypertensive patients","volume":"20","author":"Yazici","year":"2009","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/09537100120111540","article-title":"Dietary components and human platelet activity","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583080","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.583080","article-title":"Thrombosis and COVID-19: The Potential Role of Nutrition","volume":"7","author":"Tsoupras","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1265-2","article-title":"Fruitflow((R)): The first European Food Safety Authority-approved natural cardio-protective functional ingredient","volume":"56","author":"Raederstorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"723","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial comparing a dietary antiplatelet, the water-soluble tomato extract Fruitflow, with 75 mg aspirin in healthy subjects","volume":"71","author":"Crosbie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/144\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:32Z","timestamp":1760159192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/1\/144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13010144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13010144","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202012.0136.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]]}}}