{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:24:15Z","timestamp":1790749455330,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>non-IgE and mixed gastrointestinal food allergies present various specific, well-characterized clinical pictures such as food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis, food protein-induced enterocolitis and food protein-induced enteropathy syndrome as well as eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders such as eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic colitis. The aim of this article is to provide an updated review of their different clinical presentations, to suggest a correct approach to their diagnosis and to discuss the usefulness of both old and new diagnostic tools, including fecal biomarkers, atopy patch tests, endoscopy, specific IgG and IgG4 testing, allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test (ALST) and clinical score (CoMiss).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T01:33:29Z","timestamp":1610674409000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Non\u2013IgE- or Mixed IgE\/Non\u2013IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Allergies in the First Years of Life: Old and New Tools for Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7223-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Calvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Pediatrics, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Anania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergology Unit, Department of Mother-Child, Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Complex Unit of Pediatrics, Belcolle Hospital, 00100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enza","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Decimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Cosimo","family":"Indirli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Allergology and Immunology (SIAIP) for Regions Puglia and Basilicata, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Pediatrics Department, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violetta","family":"Mastrorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Complex Unit of Pediatrics and Emergency, Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 70056 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Ugo Andrea","family":"Sartorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Mother-Child Department, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Veronelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Allergy Committee of the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP), Pediatric Department, Garbagnate Milanese Hospital, ASST Rhodense, 70056 Garbagnate Milanese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.008","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and manage-ment of food allergy in the United States: Report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel","volume":"126","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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