{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:13:07Z","timestamp":1785870787305,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20POST35080171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20POST35080171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL145055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL145055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL104106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL104106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM113125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM113125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite decades of efforts to reduce sodium intake, excess dietary sodium remains commonplace, and contributes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of its effects on blood pressure. An increasing amount of research suggests that high-sodium diets lead to reduced nitric oxide-mediated endothelial function, even in the absence of a change in blood pressure. As endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, the endothelium presents a target for interventions aimed at reducing the impact of excess dietary sodium. In this review, we briefly define endothelial function and present the literature demonstrating that excess dietary sodium results in impaired endothelial function. We then discuss the mechanisms through which sodium impairs the endothelium, including increased reactive oxygen species, decreased intrinsic antioxidant defenses, endothelial cell stiffening, and damage to the endothelial glycocalyx. Finally, we present selected research findings suggesting that aerobic exercise or increased intake of dietary potassium may counteract the deleterious vascular effects of a high-sodium diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Mechanisms of Dietary Sodium-Induced Impairments in Endothelial Function and Potential Countermeasures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Patik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Farquhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5098-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave., Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1156","article-title":"Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in US Adults","volume":"319","author":"Cogswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, January 05). 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