{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:17:35Z","timestamp":1791901055686,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteopenia\/osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common geriatric diseases among older adults and harm activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL). Osteosarcopenia is a unique syndrome that is a concomitant of both osteopenia\/osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aimed to summarize the related factors and clinical outcomes of osteosarcopenia to facilitate understanding, evaluation, prevention, treatment, and further research on osteosarcopenia. We searched the literature to include meta-analyses, reviews, and clinical trials. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults is significantly higher in female (up to 64.3%) compared to male (8\u201311%). Osteosarcopenia is a risk factor for death, fractures, and falls based on longitudinal studies. However, the associations between osteosarcopenia and many other factors have been derived based on cross-sectional studies, so the causal relationship is not clear. Few studies of osteosarcopenia in hospitals have been conducted. Osteosarcopenia is a new concept and has not yet been fully researched its relationship to clinical outcomes. Longitudinal studies and high-quality interventional studies are warranted in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1611144978000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Related Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Osteosarcopenia: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6959-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7132-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Palliative and Supportive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Nagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Nishinomiya Kyoritsu Neurosurgical Hospital, 11-1 Imazuyamanaka-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8211, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akio","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 1-6-1 Wago-kita, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8127, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junko","family":"Ueshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Service, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-8625, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Murotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center, Kurume University, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Chuzan Hospital Clinical Research Center, Chuzan Hospital, 6-2-1 Matsumoto, Okinawa 904-2151, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuhiro","family":"Tsubaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daly, R.M., Rosengren, B.E., Alwis, G., Ahlborg, H.G., Sernbo, I., and Karlsson, M.K. 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