{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:59:15Z","timestamp":1790614755058,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lockdown due to COVID-19 influenced food habits and lifestyles with potential negative health impact. This study aims to identify patterns of change in eating habits and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain and to identify associations with sociodemographic factors and usual habits. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1155 adults recruited online to answer a 10-section questionnaire. The protocol assessed usual diet by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, usual physical activity (PA) and supplement use, dietary changes, sedentary time, PA, exposure to sunlight, sleep quality, and smoking during confinement. Patterns of dietary change were identified by factor analysis. Factor scores were included in cluster analysis together with change in PA. Results: Six patterns of dietary change were identified that together with PA changes during lockdown defined three clusters of lifestyle change: a cluster less active, a more active cluster, and a third cluster as active as usual. People who were usually less active were more likely to be classified in the cluster that increased physical activity in confinement. Scores of the Healthy Mediterranean-Style dietary pattern were higher in this group. Conclusions: Different patterns of change in lifestyles in confinement suggest the need to tailor support and advice to different population groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:49:21Z","timestamp":1611222561000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Patterns of Change in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity during Lockdown in Spain Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodrigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2351-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gianzo Citores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gotzone","family":"Herv\u00e1s B\u00e1rbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Ruiz-Litago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Casis S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Arija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM), Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrici\u00f3n Sin Fronteras, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Sobaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Mart\u00ednez de Victoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Iberoamericana de Nutrici\u00f3n, FINUT, 18016 Armilla Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Partearroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28925 Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4873-6044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Quiles-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Conselleria de Sanidad Universal y Salud P\u00fablica, Generalitat Valenciana, 46020 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERESP (Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Ribas-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrici\u00f3n Sin Fronteras, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Nutricional (FIN), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda y Fisioterapia Universidad de C\u00e1diz, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Salvador Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrici\u00f3n Sin Fronteras, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6940-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep A.","family":"Tur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Community Nutrition &amp; Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Varela-Moreiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28925 Alcorc\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lluis","family":"Serra-Majem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrici\u00f3n Sin Fronteras, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Nutricional (FIN), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular\u2014Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Aranceta-Bartrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular\u2014Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31009 Navarra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, December 01). 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