{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1767844938552,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arla Food Ingredients Group P\/S, Soenderhoej 10-12, 8260 DK-Viby, CVR 33372116.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whey protein is an insulinotropic fraction of dairy that reduces postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We have recently shown that \u03b2-lactoglobulin (BLG), the largest protein fraction of whey, elevates insulin concentrations compared with iso-nitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) in healthy individuals. We therefore hypothesized that BLG pre-meals would lower glucose levels compared with WPI in patients with T2DM. We investigated 16 participants with T2DM using a randomized double-blinded cross-over design with two pre-meal interventions, (i) 25 g BLG and (ii) 25 g WPI prior to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), followed by four days of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) at home. BLG increased concentrations of insulin with 10%, glucagon with 20%, and glucose with 10% compared with WPI after the OGTT (all p &lt; 0.05). Both BLG and WPI reduced the interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose concentrations (using CGM) with 2 mM and lowered glycemic variability with 10\u201315%, compared with tap-water (p &lt; 0.05), and WPI lowered the ISF glucose with 0.5 mM compared with BLG from 120 min and onwards (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, BLG pre-meals resulted in higher insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations compared with WPI in participants with T2DM. Pre-meal servings of WPI remains the most potent protein in terms of lowering postprandial glucose excursions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1611314033000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["\u03b2-Lactoglobulin Elevates Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations Compared with Whey Protein\u2014A Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Trial in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Smedegaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Mose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, Soenderhoej 10, 8260 Viby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blv. 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregers","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Noerrebrogade 44, Entrance 2B, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj","family":"Rittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blv. 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0723","article-title":"Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28406","article-title":"Effect of premeal consumption of whey protein and its hydrolysate on food intake and postmeal glycemia and insulin responses in young adults","volume":"91","author":"Akhavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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