{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:16:38Z","timestamp":1788815798540,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic diseases have been shown to be associated with low vitamin D status; however, the findings have been inconsistent. Hence, the objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic disease-related traits in healthy Southeast Asian women and examine whether this relationship was modified by dietary factors using a nutrigenetic study. The study included 110 Minangkabau women (age: 25\u201360 years) from Padang, Indonesia. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were constructed based on five vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (vitamin D-GRS) and ten metabolic disease-associated SNPs (metabolic-GRS). The metabolic-GRS was significantly associated with lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (p = 0.009) and higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.016). Even though the vitamin D-GRS had no effect on metabolic traits (p &gt; 0.12), an interaction was observed between the vitamin D-GRS and carbohydrate intake (g) on body fat percentage (BFP) (pinteraction = 0.049), where those individuals who consumed a high carbohydrate diet (mean \u00b1 SD: 319 g\/d \u00b1 46) and carried &gt;2 vitamin D-lowering risk alleles had significantly higher BFP (p = 0.016). In summary, we have replicated the association of metabolic-GRS with higher BMI and lower 25(OH)D concentrations and identified a novel interaction between vitamin D-GRS and carbohydrate intake on body fat composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Interaction between Vitamin D-Related Genetic Risk Score and Carbohydrate Intake on Body Fat Composition: A Study in Southeast Asian Minangkabau Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Buthaina E.","family":"Alathari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Al Faiha 72853, Kuwait"},{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif Sabta","family":"Aji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Alma Ata Graduate School of Public Health, University of Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alma Ata, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utami","family":"Ariyasra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra 25172, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri R.","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra 25172, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Tasrif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra 25172, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finny F.","family":"Yani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra 25172, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikhwan R.","family":"Sudji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Science, University Perintis, Padang 25586, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Lovegrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur I.","family":"Lipoeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra 25172, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karani S.","family":"Vimaleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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