{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:08:53Z","timestamp":1790752133660,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University in Lublin","award":["DS 450\/17, 450\/18, 450\/19, 450\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 450\/17, 450\/18, 450\/19, 450\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The link between the kynurenine pathway and immunomodulatory molecules\u2014fractalkine and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)\u2014in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains unknown. Fractalkine, sICAM-1, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA), neurotoxic 3-OH-kynurenine (3-OH-KYN), and the expression of mRNA for kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT1-3) were studied in 20 female patients with restrictive AN (mostly drug-free, all during first episode of the disease) and in 24 controls. In AN, serum fractalkine, but not sICAM-1, KYNA, KYN, TRP or 3-OH-KYN, was higher; ratios TRP\/KYN, KYN\/KYNA, KYN\/3-OH-KYN and KYNA\/3-OH-KYN were unaltered. The expression of the gene encoding KAT3, but not of genes encoding KAT1 and KAT2 (measured in blood mononuclear cells), was higher in patients with AN. In AN, fractalkine positively correlated with TRP, while sICAM-1 was negatively associated with 3-OH-KYN and positively linked with the ratio KYN\/3-OH-KYN. Furthermore, TRP and fractalkine were negatively associated with the body mass index (BMI) in AN. Expression of KAT1, KAT2 and KAT3 did not correlate with fractalkine, sICAM-1 or BMI, either in AN or control. Increased fractalkine may be an independent factor associated with the restrictive type of AN. Excessive physical activity probably underlies increased expression of KAT3 observed among enrolled patients. Further, longitudinal studies on a larger cohort of patients should be aimed to clarify the contribution of fractalkine and KAT3 to the pathogenesis of AN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fractalkine, sICAM-1 and Kynurenine Pathway in Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa\u2013Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3077-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Dudzi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Szymona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Kloc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Gil-Kulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Bogucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9779-7252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Paduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University of Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa M.","family":"Urba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200409","article-title":"A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders","volume":"20","author":"Rikani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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