{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:07:03Z","timestamp":1787501223057,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We previously reported that a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut is a potential cause of regulatory T cell (Treg) abnormalities in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of butyrate-producing bacteria might reduce INS relapse and the need for immunosuppressants in these patients. Twenty patients in remission from INS (median age 5.3 years, 15 boys) were enrolled in the study and assigned to receive either daily oral treatment with a preparation of 3 g Clostridium butyricum or no probiotic treatment. The number of relapses and requirement for immunosuppressive agents were compared between the two groups. In the probiotic treatment group, analyses of the gut microbiota and Treg measurements were also performed. Probiotic-treated patients experienced fewer INS relapses per year compared with non-probiotic-treated patients (p = 0.016). Further, administration of rituximab in the probiotic treatment group was significantly less frequent compared with the non-probiotic-treated group (p = 0.025). In the probiotic treatment group, analyses before and after probiotic treatment revealed the significant increases in the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (p = 0.017) and blood Treg counts (p = 0.0065). Thus, oral administration of butyrate-producing bacteria during INS remission may reduce the frequency of relapse and the need for immunosuppressive agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical Significance of Probiotics for Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3607-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoji","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1659-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohei","family":"Akagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Akagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Kino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohsaku","family":"Yamanouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Kimata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Hashiyada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Akane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazunari","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1010, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.07.008","article-title":"The human gut microbiota and virome: Potential therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Scarpellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. 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