{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:56:52Z","timestamp":1792663012598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gluten-related disorders (GRDs) are increasing around the world, but their magnitude and relevance remain unknown in most Latin American countries. Thus, an online survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of GRDs as well as adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in Paraguayan adult population. There were 1058 individuals surveyed using a validated questionnaire (response rate of 93.9%). The self-reported prevalence rates were as follows (95% CI): gluten sensitivity (GS), 10.30% (8.53\u201312.29); non-celiac GS (NCGS), 5.19% (3.94\u20136.71); physician-diagnosed celiac disease (PD-CD), 3.11% (2.15\u20134.35); wheat allergy (WA), 2.07% (1.30\u20133.13); and adherence to GFD, 15.69% (13.55\u201318.02). Excluding CD, more women than men met the criteria for GRDs, adverse food reactions, and GFD (p &lt; 0.05). Eight respondents reported the coexistence of NCGS with PD-CD and\/or WA. Most cases on a GFD indicated medical\/dietitian advice for following the diet (68.07%). Non-self-reported GS individuals indicated weight control (46.4%) and the notion that the GFD is healthier (20.2%) as the main motivations for following the diet. GRDs are not uncommon in Paraguayan adult population. It seems that there is awareness about GRDs and the GFD, but training about the diagnosis of GRDs is desirable because of the informed overlapping diagnoses of CD or WA with NCGS. Future studies involving face-to-face interviews are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence of Wheat\/Gluten-Related Disorders and Gluten-Free Diet in Paraguay: An Online Survey-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00e9","family":"Ontiveros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Research Laboratory (LACIUS, URS), Department of Chemical, Biological, and Agricultural Sciences (DC-QB), Division of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sonora, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5288-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal Emilio","family":"Real-Delor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Itap\u00faa National University, Itap\u00faa 070114, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Mora-Melgem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Gerardo","family":"Figueroa-Salcido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate in Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela de Jes\u00fas","family":"Vergara-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliznando Isidro","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Karem","family":"Flores-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Research Laboratory (LACIUS, URS), Department of Chemical, Biological, and Agricultural Sciences (DC-QB), Division of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sonora, Navojoa 85880, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Gilberto","family":"Ar\u00e1mburo-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"},{"name":"Postgraduate in Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cabrera-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Sciences Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, University of Sinaloa, Culiac\u00e1n 80019, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1651689","article-title":"Gluten-related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and nonceliac gluten sensitivity","volume":"60","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. 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