{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:01:27Z","timestamp":1788192087698,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/004-NUS\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/012-NUHS\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Breastfeeding has been shown to support glucose homeostasis in women after a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is potentially effective at reducing long-term diabetes risk. (2) Methods: Data from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study were analyzed to understand the influence of breastfeeding duration on long-term dysglycemia (prediabetes and diabetes) risk in women who had GDM in the index pregnancy. GDM and dysglycemia four to seven years postpartum were determined by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A Poisson regression model with a robust error variance was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for dysglycemia four to seven years post-delivery according to groupings of the duration of any breastfeeding (&lt;1, \u22651 to &lt;6, and \u22656 months). (3) Results: Women who had GDM during the index pregnancy and complete breastfeeding information and OGTT four to seven years postpartum were included in this study (n = 116). Fifty-one women (44%) had postpartum dysglycemia. Unadjusted IRRs showed an inverse association between dysglycemia risk and \u22651 month to &lt;6 months (IRR 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57, 1.43; p = 0.68) and \u22656 months (IRR 0.50; 95% CI 0.27, 0.91; p = 0.02) breastfeeding compared to &lt;1 month of any breastfeeding. After adjusting for key confounders, the IRR for the \u22656 months group remained significant (IRR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22, 0.80; p = 0.008). (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that any breastfeeding of six months or longer may reduce long-term dysglycemia risk in women with a history of GDM in an Asian setting. Breastfeeding has benefits for mothers beyond weight loss, particularly for those with GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1611811385000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Breastfeeding Duration and Development of Dysglycemia in Women Who Had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from the GUSTO Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8898-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumali S.","family":"Hewage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin Yu Hazel","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu E.","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Wei","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Fok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1402-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"M\u00fcller-Riemenschneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-7958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok Hian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Chien","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sok Bee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Development, KK Women\u2019s &amp; Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorelee T.","family":"Colega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yap-Seng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiao-Yng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Yoong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F. 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